Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

José María Iparraguirre (1820-1881): A Life Dedicated to Basque Identity

José María Iparraguirre was born in Urretxu, Gipuzkoa. As a young boy, he moved to Madrid with his parents. At the age of 13, he returned to the Basque Country and fought in favor of the Carlists in defense of the *Fuero* during the First Carlist War. In 1839, after the war's end, he did not approve of the Embrace of Bergara, believing the promise was not kept. Consequently, he had to leave for exile, along with many others.

Exile and the Birth of "Gernikako Arbola"

Abroad, he found protection from a French soprano singer. In addition to learning French, he studied reading, music, and the songs of French poets. In 1852, he returned to the Basque Country and sang "*Gernikako...

The Salvation Army Christmas Advert Analysis

A Glimpse into the Reality of Homelessness

This advert poignantly portrays the harsh realities faced by homeless individuals, particularly during the Christmas season. It delves into the circumstances that lead to their plight, introducing us to Tom, evicted by his stepfather; Arthur, an elderly man weathered by years on the streets; and Lizzy, who finds solace and safety in a subway tunnel rather than a home. The advert emphasizes that a mere £19 can provide them with a warm bed and a hot Christmas meal.

Evoking Empathy and Inspiring Action

The advert's primary objective is to raise awareness about the challenging conditions endured by homeless people year-round. By focusing on the loneliness and cold...

The Concept of Esperpento

The tragedy is our tragedy, but it is presented as esperpento. To understand this, we must define two fundamental terms: "tragedy" and "ours."

• Ours: This refers not only to the characters in the play but also to the Spanish people of the 20th century.
• Tragedy: The first meaning refers to a dramatic event, while the second refers to the theatrical genre. In the misunderstandings between the characters Max and Don Latino, their dialogue defines esperpento as a new theatrical subgenre and a unique vision of Spanish reality.

Valle-Inclán created a genre in which to channel his feelings. We can consider esperpento the only grotesque aesthetic capable of revealing the tragic sense of Spanish life. The literary deformation proposed...

Myths, Legends, and Epic Narratives

The Enduring Power of Storytelling

The origins of myths and legends, passed down through generations via storytelling, are often difficult to determine. Different versions of these narratives gradually formed over time.

Defining Epic Poems

Epic narrative poems are extensive, often anonymous works that recount events in a real or imaginary place in a distant past. They typically represent the collective feelings or identity of a people or nation.

Key Figures in Latin American Literature

Early Literary Trends

• Bonalde's literary trend is primarily poetry.
• Eduardo Blanco, a heroic author, hails from Venezuela.

Criollismo: A Defining Latin American Literary Movement

What is Criollismo?

Criollismo is a significant literary...

Unamuno's San Manuel Bueno, Mártir: Core Themes and Moral Conflict

Miguel de Unamuno's novel, San Manuel Bueno, Mártir, delves into profound social, cultural, and ethical issues that challenge its readers. The text presents an ideology, primarily embodied by Don Manuel, which suggests that it is better not to be. This ideology and value system, meticulously crafted by Don Manuel, forms the moral foundation of the village. The central moral problem does not lie with Don Manuel himself, as he has no choice but to believe in life while not believing in God, and therefore must defend life above all else. His terrible tragedy is maintaining the faith of his followers while having lost his own. He believes he must let others live to see them live,...

Analysis of Los Pazos de Ulloa

Plot Summary Snippet

A brief argument suggesting that Julián could be a priest is presented before he is sent to reorganize the Pazos estate. Upon arriving and witnessing the scenario there, he is deeply impressed (or shocked). To escape the situation, he travels to the city with Don Pedro, the Marquis de los Pazos. There, Don Pedro chooses to marry Marcelina. After the wedding, Julián returns, pained by the affection he felt for Marcelina.

Narrative Structure

The structure of the novel can be divided into five parts:

• Part 1: Chapters I to VII
• Part 2: Chapters VIII to XIII
• Part 3: Chapters XIV to XVIII
• Part 4: Chapters XIX to XXVIII
• Part 5: Chapters XXIX to XXX

In each part, the protagonist or central focus shifts to...

The Cánovas System: The Constitution of 1876

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo was the creator of the political system of the Bourbon Restoration. On December 1, 1874, Alfonso XII published the Manifesto of Sandhurst (prepared by Cánovas). In theory, it was a response to congratulations received on his birthday. The manifesto stated that the only solution to the problems of Spain, "from the working classes to the highest", lay in the restoration of the traditional Bourbon monarchy. It outlined the principles of the future proclamation of the monarchy as being in dialogue, constitutional, and democratic, with a willingness to integrate much of the political progress achieved during the six-year period and not carry out political reprisals.

Cánovas'

Contesting Cultures: Westernization (Uma Narayan)

Defining Third World Feminism

• A "Third World feminist" refers to anyone who has acquired feminist views and engages in feminist politics in Third World countries.
• It can also refer to any feminist concerned with Third World issues.
• Some feminists from communities of color identify themselves as Third World feminists.
• The author, Uma Narayan, identifies herself as one, as she is an Indian woman living in the US.
• Feminist ideals endorsed by Third World feminists are not necessarily adopted from Western cultures.

About the Author

Uma Narayan is a feminist scholar and professor of philosophy at Vassar College. She analyzes the relationship between Third World feminism and the West, defending it against...

Soluciones Empresariales de Computación Grid

En cuanto a las empresas e instituciones, Microsoft, Sun Microsystems e IBM han desarrollado soluciones comerciales destacadas:

• Enterprise Grid Alliance (EGA): Consorcio abierto fundado en California (2004) por un grupo de empresas líderes en tecnología con el objetivo de desarrollar y promover soluciones comerciales-empresariales de informática distribuida y mallas empresariales.
• Sun Microsystems: Creadores del software Grid Engine, diseñado para agregar máquinas al grid y aprovechar automáticamente el incremento de capacidad, ahorrando tiempo y recursos mediante un despliegue rápido, eficiente y confiable.
• Andago: Proveedor de tecnología grid orientada a entornos industriales y de negocio.

La poesia modernista a Catalunya

Al final del segle XIX apareixen uns poetes que abandonen les limitacions que imposava la triple temàtica dels Jocs Florals: «fe, pàtria i amor». Les diverses influències provinents d'Europa es concreten a Catalunya en dos corrents principals:

• Corrent decadentista o esteticista: es caracteritza pel rigor formal i el conreu d'uns temes artificiosos i culturitzants.
• Corrent vitalista: el vitalisme s'oposa a l'esteticisme i a l'excessiu idealisme i abstracció del simbolisme a través del seu esperit combatiu i del compromís social. El poeta té la missió de despertar el poble; és un visionari antiretòric i humanista. La poesia ha d'alliberar el sentiment personal i deixar-se dur per la intuïció i els valors