Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

English Grammar

Verb Tenses

Past Tense Transformations

• Present Simple (eats/eat) → Past Simple (ate)
• Don't/Doesn't → Didn't
• Present Continuous (am, is, are + v ing) → Past Continuous (was, were + v ing)
• Past Simple (-ed or irregular) → Past Perfect (had + past participle)
• Present Perfect (have, has + past participle) → Past Perfect
• Past Perfect (had + past participle) → Past Perfect
• Past Continuous (was, were + v ing) → Past Perfect Continuous (had + been + v ing)
• Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
• Past Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
• Future: Will + infinitive → Would + infinitive
• Can → Could + infinitive
• Must/Have to → Had to + infinitive
• May → Might + infinitive

Changes in Reported Speech

• Now → Then
• Today

... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide" »

Tutorial 1 If you get a positive value times a number, You need to shift the decimal to the right as many times as the number specified. If negative, move it to the right. Simple interest formula = S = FV = P(1 + iK) Compound interest formula = Sk = P(1 + i)^k Sn = P(1 + I/T)^n where I is interest T is frequency of compounding per year K is the number of years N is the total number of periods - K T or TK Depreciation Formula = Vo or P = Initial value, Vk = P(1 - d)^k

Tutorial 2 1. 5 years 1 + r = (FV/PV)^(1/5) (i) r = 10.38% (ii) r = 10.47% (iii) r = 10.51% (iv) r = 10.52% (v) r = 10.52% 2. 1 + r = (1 + 0.06/12)^8 ∙ (1 + 0.072/12)^4 1 + r = (1.005)^8 ∙ (1.006)^4 1 + r = (1.0407) ∙ (1.0242) = 1.06591 r = 6.59% For an initial outlay of $1000, the net return is

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Macrostructure

Theme: This is the topic sentence that summarizes the main idea. Usually at the beginning.

Rheme: Arguments that support the theme. In the middle.

Thesis Statement: Restatement of the initial idea. Normally at the end.

Microstructure

Lexicon

• Formal or informal language (e.g., Provides, expand).
• Attributive adjectives such as “logically and psychologically satisfying conclusion”.
• Semantic fields (Campos semánticos).
• Elements that are not formal (Common words like 'too' instead of 'moreover'; 'quite' similar). The combination of formal register with more accessible language suggests that this is an informative text.
• Main statements (topic sentences and thesis statements) use the copulative verb 'to be' which indicates that the statement

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Distinctive Feature Theory

Distinctive Feature Theory challenges Phoneme Theory (PT) by focusing on the features that compose phonemes, rather than the phonemes themselves. This approach questions the validity of the phoneme concept, arguing that speech is not simply a series of discrete sounds.

Natural Class: A set of sounds sharing phonetic features, affected by the same environment, and having the same effect on surrounding sounds.

Major Class Features

• Vowels: [+SYLLABIC], [+SONORANT], [-CONSONANTAL] - form the syllable nucleus.
• Glides: [-SYLLABIC], [+SONORANT], [-CONSONANTAL].
• Sonorant Consonants (nasals and liquids): [+/-SYLLABIC], [+SONORANT], [+CONSONANTAL].
• Obstruents: [-SYLLABIC], [-SONORANT], [+CONSONANTAL].

Consonant Features

• Voice: [+/-VOICE]

... Continue reading "Phonetics and Phonology: Distinctive Features and Vowel Sounds" »

Core Electrical Terminology and Definitions

This comprehensive glossary provides clear definitions for key terms used in electrical work, covering components, measurements, safety regulations, and professional qualifications.

A-C: Current, Components, and Connections

• AC (Alternating Current) (Abbreviation): Electrical current that periodically reverses direction.
• Adaptor (Noun): A device for connecting several electric plugs to one socket.
• Amp (Noun): The measure of electrical current (short for Ampere).
• Appliance (Noun): A device or piece of equipment designed for a specific task.
• Cable (Noun): Thick insulated wire used for the fixed wiring of electrical systems.
• Circuit (Noun): The complete path followed by electricity, usually along a wire.
• Conductor

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Orden of adjectives: O(opinion), S(size), SH(shape), A(age), C(colour), O(origin).
____________________________________________________
FUTURE:
-Will: Predictions, opinions, spontaneous, decisions.
-Be going to: plans for the future, intention of future, predictions with evidence.
-Present continuous: Arrangements(preparativos), dates(fechas).
-Future continuous: S+WILL+BE+GERUND. Finished action in the future.
-Future perfect: S+WILL+HAVE+PAST PART. Completed action in the future
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Such...that / So...that:
Such + (a/an [singular]) + adjective + noun + that
It was such a cramped street that we couldn't walk.
So + adjective + that
The street was so cramped that we couldn't walk.

Conditional sentences:

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The play begins with the death of Bernarda's husband. After the Mass for the dead, the whole town goes to the widow's house, where women enter the room who have previously prepared and cleaned the maids. While men are chatting in the courtyard.
Already in the house, Bernarda makes all the neighbors whispering with his comments on whether their daughters deserve to men of that town, then they all begin to pray.
When everyone leaves, Bernarda's daughters begin to talk about the legacy his father left them. The one that takes the best part is the eldest daughter, Sorrows. The other sisters discuss the fate of Sorrows, as well as the heritage, the handsome-looking boy of the village, wants to marry her.
Then Adela begins to mourn for them imposed... Continue reading "Book Summary: The House of Bernarda Alba" »

Simón Bolívar had assumed command of the Puerto Cabello Square on May 4, 1812. A month later, on 6 June, it fell to the royalists. Faced with this loss and after signing the capitulation, Bolivar got through to Curacao and then to New Granada. There, the government recognized the rank of colonel and allowed their participation in the Campaign of Magdalena. On December 15, 1812 wrote his first document sets out the causes which led to the loss of the First Republic and warns neogranadinos on the need to unite to defeat the enemy. These causes by Bolivar were:
1. The tolerance scheme followed by the Republican authorities to consider how weak and ineffectual. He criticized the attitude of the government of Venezuela against Coro, claiming

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T Features The drama is one of the major literary genres. A conflict between one or more characters that are developed through diálogo.l theater receiver is presented in two ways: a) In one scenario, by action or entry scene obra.b) Through reading, as if it were a novel. This will lose items such as music, movement, etc.Así, this genre has the following basic features: • The rendering time is quite limited compared to the actual duration of the facts, so no can afford to delay. • The story line should capture the audience's attention throughout the performance. The most common resource to achieve this is to establish, from time to time, a high point or climax. • The theater is a mixture of linguistic and dramatic. The literary text

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Circular Queue Implementation Using Linked Lists

This C program demonstrates the implementation of a circular queue using a linked list structure. The queue handles integer data.

Data Structure Definition

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

typedef struct QueueType {
    int Data;
    struct QueueType *Next;
} QUEUE;

QUEUE *Front = NULL; // Pointer to the front of the queue
QUEUE *Rear = NULL;  // Pointer to the rear of the queue

// Function prototypes
void Enqueue(int Num);
int Dequeue();
void DisplayQueue();
int Menu();

Enqueue Operation

The Enqueue function inserts a number into the circular queue. It handles memory allocation and maintains the circular link by ensuring Rear->Next always points to Front.

void Enqueue(int Num)

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