Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

The Radio Medium

Radio is a medium designed to inform, entertain, and accompany the listener.

Radio Models and Programming

• Funding: Radio stations differ by receiving funding (public and private).
• Territorial Coverage: Stations vary by coverage (autonomic, state, or local).
• Programming Types:
  • Generalist: Offers varied programming including news, magazines, contests, musical segments, sports, and cultural content (e.g., Onda Cero).
  • Specialized: Broadcasts mono-content intended for a very specific audience (e.g., informative, musical). This includes theme radio (always on a single topic, e.g., Eje 40p.).
  • Radiofórmula: Follows a single program scheme.
  • Mixed or Hybrid: A specialized station that also features different content (e.g., Rivera Radio Axis)

Literature and Cinema

Similarities Between Literature and Film

Novels, plays, and films share common narrative structures, typically following a presentation schema, development, and denouement.

Character Classification

• By characteristics: Characters may be flat (static throughout the play) or round (evolving through the events they experience).
• By function: Characters can be protagonists, antagonists, secondary, or environmental.

Setting and Action

• The action occurs in a determined space and time, which establishes the setting for the plot.
• In cinema and theater, the audience understands the narrative through the actions and dialogue of the characters.
• Both cinema and theater are considered collective works.

Differences Between Literature and Film

• Perspective:

Adjectives Explained

An adjective is a word that expresses a quality or characteristic of a noun it accompanies, agreeing in gender and number.

Types of Adjectives

• Variable Adjectives: Have distinct forms for masculine and feminine genders. Plural forms are typically created by adding 's' or 'es' to the singular form.
• Invariable Adjectives: Have a single form for both masculine and feminine. Adjectives ending in -ac, -ic, -oc often have one ending for both genders in the singular but may vary in the plural. (Note: This rule seems specific, possibly to Catalan grammar.)

Degrees of Adjectives

• Positive Degree: Expresses a quality simply, without comparison.
• Comparative Degree: Expresses the intensity of a quality in comparison to other elements. It can

The Quattrocento: 15th Century Italian Art

Architecture

Architects sought mastery of space by introducing simple, ordered elements inspired by Greco-Roman models.

Key figures in Florence included:

• Filippo Brunelleschi
• Leon Battista Alberti

Sculpture

Sculptors were interested in representing the human body, following classical models regarding proportions and the treatment of the nude.

Painting

The great innovations of Quattrocento painters included the rational use of perspective to represent depth on a flat surface.

Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, and Sandro Botticelli are among the most representative painters of this period.

The Cinquecento: 16th Century Shift to Rome

In the 16th century (Cinquecento), the artistic capital shifted from Florence to...

Understanding Communication and Language Fundamentals

• Communication: The process by which an issuer transmits a message to a receiver.
• Sign: A symbol that suggests the idea of something else.
• Language: The faculty that allows humans to communicate with one another through the use of oral signs.
• Concrete Language: A specific language shared by a community of speakers.
• Signifier: A set of sounds or written form that expresses a concept.
• Meaning: The associated idea or concept that a signifier represents.

Elements of Word Structure

• Root: The basic meaning of a word.
• Desinence: An ending added to the end of a word to build a different form of that word.
• Affix: A morpheme connected to the root to form a different word.
  • Suffix: Placed after the root.
  • Prefix:

Literary and Linguistic Concepts

Synonyms are terms that have the same or very similar meaning and therefore can be exchanged in certain phrases. Synonyms must belong to the same grammatical category. Antonyms are those terms that have opposite or contrary meanings. They also belong to the same grammatical category.

Understanding News Reporting

A news story is the account of a current event of interest for readers. For media content to be comprehensive and effective, it must answer the following questions:

• Who?
• What?
• When?
• Where?
• How?
• Why?

Lexical Fields in Language

A lexical field is formed by all those words that refer to the same subject or idea. It is also known as an ideological field. Dictionaries that group words by their meaning are called lexical...

Mihura and the Comedy of the Absurd

Miguel Mihura and the comedy of the absurd aim to denounce the hypocrisy of sentimentality and bourgeois conventions. The foundational work of this movement is Three Top Hats (Tres sombreros de copa) by Mihura.

• Questioning of bourgeois conventions: A contrast between the respectable bourgeois world and the wandering, free world.
• Resources of comedy: The use of useless objects, play with language, and the subversion of traditional clichés.
• Key works: Maribel and the Strange Family, Peaches in Syrup, and Ninette and a Gentleman from Murcia.
• Enrique Jardiel Poncela: Notable works include Eloísa is Beneath an Almond Tree and The Thieves are Honest People.

Buero Vallejo and Social Theater

Antonio Buero Vallejo and...

Understanding Narrative Characters

By character, we mean any entity that voluntarily or accidentally takes actions that advance the plot. This entity is not necessarily a person, animal, or even an object; it can simply be anything that moves the narrative from an initial situation to a new one.

Types of Characters

• Protagonist: The central figure driving the action.
• Antagonist: The character who opposes the protagonist.
• Supporting Characters: Characters who accompany or assist the protagonist and antagonist, contributing to the story.

Characterization Methods

• Description: The author uses physical and psychological descriptions to portray the character, allowing us to visualize them.
• Actions: What the character does at every moment, their behavior,

Across

1. Motivated (9)

Meaning: When a character has a believable reason for doing something. Their actions make sense based on their objective and circumstances.

3. Subtext (7)

Meaning: What is implied but not directly spoken in dialogue. The underlying meaning beneath the words.

4. Places (6)

Meaning: A command given by a director or stage manager to signal that actors should prepare for the scene to begin.

8. Classical (9)

Meaning: A play that has stood the test of time and is still performed years later.

11. Cut (3)

Meaning: The command given by a director to stop the action.

12. Obstacle (8)

Meaning: Something that stands in the way of a character achieving their goal.

14. Unique (6)

Meaning: Something original or one-of-a-kind about a character or...

Unit 0: Describing Places

• Ancient
• Comfortable
• Crowded
• Dangerous
• Dirty
• Exciting
• Expensive
• Lively
• Peaceful
• Polluted
• Pretty
• Romantic
• Safe
• Ugly

Unit 1: Skills and Abilities

• Bake cupcakes
• Design a website
• Do magic tricks
• Edit photos
• Learn a foreign language
• Learn first aid
• Learn to juggle
• Make a video blog
• Perform on stage
• Play in a band
• Ride a unicycle
• Speak in public
• Write a song
• Write computer code

Essential Life Skills

• Active listening
• Assertiveness
• Conflict resolution
• Cooperation
• Creative thinking
• Entrepreneurship
• Money management
• Negotiation
• Problem-solving
• Respect for others
• Self-awareness
• Time management

Unit 2: Rescue and Survival

• Capsize
• Casualties
• Catch fire
• Crash
• Firefighters
• Give first aid
• Paramedics
• Receive compensation
• Search and rescue workers
• Send international aid
• Survivors
• Victims

Extreme