Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

Media Milestones

1. download (v): Move data onto a computer from the internet.
2. broadcast (v): Send out programmes on television or radio.
3. tabloid (n): A type of newspaper that has small pages and contains less serious stories, for example about celebrities.
4. publish (v): Produce a book, newspaper or magazine.
5. launch (v): Start an activity.
6. live coverage (n): Broadcasting an event on television or radio while it is happening.
7. search engine (n): A program or service that searches and indexes content on the internet.
8. gossip (n): Unkind talk about people's private lives.
9. biased (adj): Showing a favour for something, for example in politics.
10. broadsheet (n): A newspaper printed on large paper, usually a respectable newspaper rather than a tabloid.
11. broadband (n)

Nations and Government Policies

• Borders / Fronteras
• Ban / Prohibir
• Laws
• Minister / Ministro
• Raise / Elevar
• Nations
• Currency / Moneda
• Spend / Gastar
• Flag
• Head of State / Presidente
• Introduce / Introducir
• Citizens
• Politicians / Políticos
• Tax / Tasas
• Government
• Society / Sociedad
• Election

Managing Your Time: Verbs and Usage

Time Management Verbs

• Remember - recordar
• Put off - posponer
• Take part in - participar
• Waste time - perder el tiempo
• Forget - olvidar
• Aim - proponerse
• Concentrate on - concentrarse en
• Regret - arrepentirse
• Intend - tener la intención
• Miss - echar de menos
• Look forward to - desear
• Spend time - pasar el tiempo

"Do" vs. "Make" Collocations

Use "Do" for:

• Working
• General activities
• Training
• Exceptions

Use "Make" for:

• Speaking
• Foods
• Money
• Intangible things
• Creating
• Exceptions

Antonyms:

Renaissance Art and Humanism

Renaissance Painting

The Renaissance saw a profound shift in artistic expression, with painters mastering new techniques and themes.

The Quattrocento (15th Century)

• Masaccio and Piero della Francesca: Pioneered the use of perspective.
• Botticelli: Known for his distinctive sense of movement and graceful figures.

The Cinquecento (16th Century)

• Leonardo da Vinci: Brilliantly represented nature, mastering sfumato and blurring outlines. One of his masterpieces was the Mona Lisa.
• Michelangelo Buonarroti: Painted the iconic frescoes in the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
• Raphael: Achieved perfection in his use of color, drawing, and composition. One of his notable artworks is the Madonnas.
• Titian: As a Venetian painter, he created highly

Common Professions and Occupations

• Accountant (Contable): A person whose job is to keep or inspect financial accounts.
• Architect (Arquitecto): A person who designs buildings.
• Astronomer (Astrónomo): A person who studies the moon, planets, stars, and the universe.
• Bricklayer (Albañil): A person trained or skilled in laying bricks.
• Butcher (Carnicero): One who kills animals and prepares the meat for food.
• Carpenter (Carpintero): A person who practices carpentry.
• Designer (Diseñador/a): A person whose job is to plan the form or structure of something.
• Dustman / Refuse Collector (Basurero): A person whose job is to collect domestic refuse.
• Engineer (Ingeniero/a): A person who designs, builds, or maintains engines, machines, or public works.
• Factory Worker

Verbal Periphrasis: Understanding Complex Verb Forms

Verbal periphrasis refers to verbal constructions that express a specific idea, formed by an auxiliary verb and a main verb (infinitive, gerund, or participle), often linked by a preposition. These structures add nuance to verb meanings, indicating aspects like requirement, probability, or possibility.

Types of Verbal Periphrasis

• Requirement: Expresses obligation or necessity. Example: Tener que + infinitive (Spanish for 'to have to'). I have to sign.
• Probability: Indicates likelihood or conjecture. Example: Deber de + infinitive (Spanish for 'must be'). He must be sleeping.
• Possibility: Denotes capability or potential. Example: Poder + infinitive (Spanish for 'can'). It can be very cold in Sweden.

Benito Pérez Galdós

Galdós' novelistic production is a reflection of the society of his time. Galdós' novels are notable for their characterizations and the integration of everyday life into the historical events of the time. The author combines various narrative techniques: the omniscient narrator, direct dialogue, and monologue. The language is consistent with the character.

National Episodes

They are demonstrations of 19th-century historical events treated from the standpoint of anonymous individuals. Examples include Trafalgar and The Battle of Arapiles.

Novels of the First Period

The first novels of Galdós, such as Doña Perfecta and Gloria, are called thesis novels because they are subject to the author's ideology: they contrast characters...

Understanding Literature

Literature is an art form that utilizes words as its primary instrument. It encompasses works of art that communicate and express ideas through language.

The Narrative Genre

The narrative genre is centered on storytelling and includes various forms such as the story, novel, myth, legend, and fable.

Key Narrative Forms

• The Story: The most popular form of narrative literature. Its most significant features are its brevity and forcefulness.
• The Novel: Unlike the story, the novel is extensive and complex, weaving together various subplots and a greater number of characters.
• The Myth: Stories created to explain the origin of the universe, mankind, and natural phenomena. While they share a structure with fictional stories, they

Neoclassicism and the Bourbon Dynasty in Spain

In 1700, a significant event occurred in Spain: the death of King Carlos II without heirs. This led to a change of dynasty. The French suitor, Felipe V, ascended the throne, initiating the House of Bourbon (from which King Juan Carlos I descends).

The Royal Spanish Academy (RAE)

The establishment of institutions like the Royal Spanish Academy, the National Library, and the Prado Museum marked this era. Castilian incorporated a large number of French words, many of which still retain their Gallicisms.

Felipe V supported the RAE, which was founded with the mission of defending the purity of the Castilian language against a "Gallic invasion" of spelling and grammar. Its motto is clear: "Cleanses, Fixes,...

Baroque Style: Origins and Characteristics

Context: The Baroque style emerged at the end of the sixteenth century and extended into the 18th century. It originated in Italy and from there it spread throughout Europe. It is a bright, flashy, and often lavish art form, the result of a time of crisis. Baroque expresses the power of great monarchs and the flowing, rich, prosperous states of Catholicism.

Variety and Types of Baroque

The variety of socio-economic, political, and religious situations gave rise to several types of Baroque. These include:

1. Italian Baroque: courteous, more classical and Catholic; in the European courts it is sensuous, monumental and decorative.
2. Classicist Baroque: rigorous in style, developed by the French court and placed

Defining Literary Realism: Core Characteristics

Realism emerged as the dominant cultural movement of the nineteenth-century bourgeois society, rejecting the fantasy and idealism characteristic of Romanticism. The essential features of realistic literature include:

• Observation and Accurate Description of Reality

  This is the basic principle of Realism. The interest in observing reality parallels the observation methods characteristic of the experimental sciences. Writers often take documented field notes about characters or settings, or consult books to extract accurate information.

• Focus on Contemporary and Local Facts

  Against the evasion in space and time typical of Romanticism, realist authors write realistically about what they know. The focus