Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

Naturalism: Heredity and Environment

Naturalism marked a return to realism, specifically attempting to explain human behavior. It posits that the fervor and passion of individuals are determined by heredity and environment. This movement is based on Positivist philosophy and the philosophical theories of Schopenhauer.

Naturalism is often considered negative because it suggests that the fate of disadvantaged social classes is predetermined by biological inheritance.

The Works of Narcís Oller

Narcís Oller was a key figure in Catalan Naturalism, documenting the social transformations of his era. His major works include:

1. La Papallona (The Butterfly) (1882)

This novel describes the life of an artisan in Barcelona. Luis, the protagonist, a student...

The Chronicle

A chronicle is a newspaper article in which current events are told from a personal perspective, including the evaluation of the narrator.

Epic Poetry

The first epics originated in the East. The epic is a subgenre of literary narrative. The two great Greek epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are considered the work of the poet Homer, who lived in the eighth century BC. Medieval epic poems recount the deeds (azanas) of a hero.

Linguistic Concepts

A hypernym is a word that encompasses the meaning of other words, which are its hyponyms. Neologisms are words recently incorporated into a language.

Narrative Structure

If facts are told in the order they occurred, it is a linear narrative (beginning, middle, and end):

• In media res: Presenting

The Qualitative Leap into a Symbolic Universe

The qualitative leap represents a different way of confronting reality. The symbolic universe is truly new, endowed with unique qualities and properties. The world is not a mere presentation or copy of objective reality, but a recreation of a world seen through human eyes—a humanized universe.

Symbols and Shared Significance

Symbols are shared tools of significance that permit us to enrich each other in a dramatically effective way. These are organized into codes, with the linguistic code being the most relevant for us.

Characteristics of Signs

Signs possess two main characteristics:

• The use of elements to represent and convey something different from themselves.
• The progressive conventionality chosen

Demonstrar

Do grego 'apodeixis', que significa 'mostrar a partir de'. Apresentar provas lógicas irrecusáveis é, em juízo, encadear proposições de forma racional, de modo que a conclusão seja necessariamente constrangida pelas premissas.

A demonstração diz respeito à verdade da conclusão, que surge como consequência necessária das premissas.

Argumentação

A argumentação é um ato de comunicação, isto é, um ato pelo qual um orador põe perante um auditório as suas opiniões e os seus pontos de vista sobre determinado assunto, partilhando um pensamento comum.

É um ato e um discurso para argumentar. Concretiza-se na produção de teses que são acompanhadas de explicações, provas e factos, chamados argumentos.

Argumentar

Razões...

Genres of Journalism

Journalism not only informs about reality; it also interprets it. It uses persuasion mechanisms and, at times, manipulation. Both the selection of news and the issues extending how they are held in place on the informational page are mechanisms of persuasion and manipulation. The issuer's intent to convey a fact and the effects pursued in the recipient determine the choice of genre.

Informational Genres

Informational texts convey factual information, whether recent or from the past, of interest to the readers to whom they are directed. Therefore, personal views and judgments of journalistic value should be excluded. Informational genres include:

• News: The story of important and usually recent political, economic, social, cultural,

Literature of the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

In the second half of the nineteenth century, literature reflected social changes and new ideological currents. Thus, the main objective of Realism and Naturalism was to provide a clear picture of the society of the time.

Literary Genres of the Period

These ideological currents were translated into different genres:

• Lyrical Poetry: Poetry was scarce. The most prominent authors were Ramón de Campoamor and Núñez de Arce.
• Theatre: It represented contemporary life issues. The most cultivated theatrical subgenres at this time were the high comedy (López de Ayala, Tamayo y Baus), the comedy of manners (Bretón de los Herreros), and the social drama (José Echegaray).
• Narrative: The novel was the

Sculpture

In sculptural representations, there was a clear dominance of religious imagery. The Castilian school was distinguished, represented by the works of Gregorio Fernández, and the Andalusian school, with Martínez Montañés, Alonso Cano, and Pedro de Mena.

Sculpture Characteristics

Work and Author: La Piedad (1616), by Gregorio Fernández (1576-1636).
It was done in polychrome wood, as this allowed for greater realism, emphasizing the expressive ability and drama of the scene.
The figures were part of altarpieces or processions; this work was destined for the church of the Augustinians in Valladolid.
Theme: Religious. The Virgin holds the body of Christ in her arms.
Expressiveness: It tends to emphasize the expressive drama, as seen...

The Medium of Radio

Radio is a communication medium widely accepted in society because it is free.

The Language of Radio

The language of radio is composed of several key elements:

• Verbal: The speech used to capture the listener's attention.
• Music: Used as part of the content, often as a background to highlight words or pauses.
• Special Effects: Short-term sounds that are complementary to the music or speech.
• Silence: Used strategically to help the listener understand the sound message.

Radio Programming

There are two main types of radio programming:

• News Programs: Provide information, similar to a newsletter.
• Magazine Programs: Broadcasts guided by a host or speaker, covering various topics.

The Medium of Television

Television uses an audiovisual language,...