Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

English-Spanish Vocabulary List

wildlife: fauna

Card and Board Games

Arts and Crafts

Sports and Athletics

English Vocabulary with Spanish Translations

Shopping and Money

• bargain - ganga
• customer - cliente
• discount - descuento
• luxury item - artículo de lujo
• passer-by - pasar de largo
• price tag - etiqueta
• rip off - timar
• fit - quedar bien
• try on - probarse
• brand new - nuevo
• fake - falso
• overpriced - precio abierto
• well made - bien hecho
• a good deal - buen trato
• out of fashion - fuera de moda
• waste of money - pérdida de dinero
• worth it - valer la pena

Opinions and Adjectives

• viewer - espectador
• based on - basado en
• lead - cable
• release - publicar
• resemble - parecer
• set in - establecer
• share - compartir
• shoot - grabar
• recognise - reconocer
• clever - listo
• breathtaking - asombroso
• attached to - ligado a
• determined - determinado
• disappointing - decepcionante
• dull - aburrido
• grateful

La Celestina: A Masterpiece of Spanish Literature

La Celestina is a work written entirely through dialogue, intended for reading aloud. Its large size and the rhetorical tone of its lines make it unique. Fernando de Rojas, a converted Jew and bachelor of law, is the author of all or most of the work. He states that he found a manuscript of what is now the first act and continued it, adding first fifteen more acts, and then the remaining five.

La Celestina marks the transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and is a classic of universal value for several reasons:

• The importance of the themes: Love, greed, and death.
• The characterization: Especially the old matchmaker, one of the great creations of literature.
• The depth of conflict: It

Contemporary Spanish fiction evolved from the realism of the post-war period, through the social novel, to formal renewal.

Main Stages of the Novel

1. The Uprooted Novel (Novela desarraigada)

This stage focused on the daily reality of violence and senseless existence.

• Key Example: La familia de Pascual Duarte by Camilo José Cela.

2. The Social Novel (Novela social)

These novels tell stories of social concern. In these works, the collective character and the tendency toward objectivism led to a decrease in the importance of the narrator and an increase in dialogue.

• Key Examples: La colmena (The Hive) by Camilo José Cela; Las ratas (The Rats) by Miguel Delibes.

3. Formal Renewal in the Novel

This stage gave greater importance to language and how to...

Narrative Genre

The narrative genre opens the doors to the realm of events as they were (past), what is (present), and what will be (future).

Legend

A legend is a short story by an anonymous author, transmitted orally from generation to generation and modified over time. It is man's response to transcendent questions—an answer that is more closely linked to faith within a particular context.

Folk Tale

A folk tale is an anonymous short story where fictitious actions develop, ending in a happy conclusion. It is transmitted orally from generation to generation, and different versions exist.

Folk Tale Features:

• There are no large descriptions.
• Space and time are undetermined.
• The use of formulas and repetitions.

The Novel

The novel is a long story written...

Romanticism

Romanticism was an artistic and literary movement that emerged in England and Germany in the late eighteenth century as a reaction against the Enlightenment. Romantics experienced a sense of failure that fostered feelings of disappointment and pessimism.

The movement occurred within a context of major social and political upheaval that finally dismantled the last vestiges of the Old Regime. Uncomfortable in society, Romantic writers demanded freedom and individual rights, often evoking the past and exotic places as a form of escape from a present they disliked.

Characteristics of Romantic Literature

• Freedom and Individualism: Protection of originality and personal expression.
• Lively Style: The romantic style is typically expressive and

Substantive Nexuses

• Conjunctions: (which, if - no syntactic function)
• Interrogative Pronouns: (what, who, how - subject)
• Interrogative Adverbs: (where - CCL, how - CCM, when - CCT)
• Interrogative Adjectives: (what, how - determinant)

Adjective Nexuses

• Relative Pronouns: (which, who, where, how much, how many - depends on the sentence)
• Relative Adverbs: (where - CCL, as - CCM, when - CCT)
• Relative Adjectives: (whose, which)

Adverbial Nexuses

Place, time, conditional, causal, consecutive (therefore), concessive (although), and purpose (so that).

Common Latinisms

• In albis: blank, uncomprehending
• Motu proprio: on one's own initiative
• Senso stricto: strictly
• Cum laude: with praise
• In hand: spontaneous
• Roughly: no details
• Ex corpora: with the body unburied
• Ex professo:

Types of Subordinate Clauses

1. Substantive Clauses

• Conjunction 'that': You need to call; this is necessary.
• Conjunction 'if': He asked if I wanted to go to the movies.
• Interrogative (who, what, why, how, where, when): Tell me who was there; tell me why.
• Relative pronouns: (Which, that) with no history of espresso.

Substantive clauses function as nouns:

• Award the prize to whoever merited it.
• My car is parked there.

2. Indirect and Infinitive Links

• No direct link: I said: "Come."
• Infinitive link: Decided to sell the bike.

Adjective Clauses

• Replaced by an adjective or equivalent phrase.
• Function as a modifier to the antecedent.
• Introduced by relative pronouns (who, what, which) or relative adverbs (where, when).

Narrative clauses have two functions: Nexus and...

19th Century Literary and Artistic Movements

Literary Movements

• Realism: Detailed and precise descriptions of reality.
• Modernism: An attempt to escape reality by evading the past or looking toward the East.

Architecture and Sculpture

• Architecture: Utilization of iron for its high strength and low cost. Notable styles include Modernisme (e.g., Victor Horta's Hôtel Tassel).
• Realist Sculpture: Focused on representing the proletariat (e.g., Meunier's The Puddler).
• Impressionist Sculpture: Utilized the incidence of light to create visual effects (e.g., Rodin's Balzac).

Painting

• Realism: Emerged in the second half of the 19th century, focusing on anonymous people (e.g., Courbet's A Burial at Ornans).
• Impressionism: Emerged in France during the late 19th century,

Pre-Realism (1849)

Cecilia Böhl de Faber, known as Fernán Caballero, represents the transition toward realism. Her novels of manners do not fully embrace realism, as they preserve elements of a romantic vision.

Early Realism

During the 1870s, a new type of literature emerged where writers expressed their own ideological positions:

• Traditionalists: Some authors idealized reality from Catholic approaches.
• Liberals: Other narrators supported liberal, non-religious ideas.
• José María de Pereda: A special case who shared liberal ideas but maintained an aesthetic vision that literature should ignore unpleasant aspects.

Naturalism

The most important titles published during this period were influenced by Émile Zola, specifically The Tavern and Germinal....