Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

Futurism

Futurism was a literary and artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the first decade of the 20th century. It was named for its intention to break completely with the art of the past, especially in Italy, where the artistic tradition permeated everything. Futurists wanted to create a new art, according to the modern mind, the new times, and new needs. This new art was modeled after machines and their main attributes: strength, speed, energy, motion, and dehumanization. The main feature of Futurism is plastic dynamism and movement.

Dadaism

Dada (1916) emerged with the intent to destroy all codes and systems established in the art world. It is an anti-artistic, anti-literary, and anti-poetic movement because it challenges the existence...

Social Influence on Gender and Emotions

From a young age, society shapes our understanding of gender and emotions. Societal pressures often encourage women to be more emotional, while men are expected to be more aggressive and physical. This early characterization influences children's play and behavior, with girls often engaging in gentle, emotional games, and boys in more physical and violent ones.

The Anguish of Separateness

Separateness is a source of human anguish, leading to feelings of isolation and helplessness. This isolation can feel like an 'asylum,' preventing genuine connection with others. The story of Adam and Eve illustrates this; upon realizing their nakedness and difference (being of different sexes), they felt shame and guilt,...

Avant-Garde Movements

• Futurism: Argues that art should reflect the modern world and celebrates speed.
• Cubism: Uses geometric shapes to represent objects.
• Dada: Seeks to shape chaos and reflect the absurdity artists felt toward the social crisis generated by World War I.
• Surrealism: A French movement led by André Breton that exploits dreams and incorporates the ideas of Freud's psychoanalysis.

Vanguards in Portugal

In the 1920s and 1930s, a profound literary renewal occurred in Santa Catarina. Social limitations within Portuguese culture prevented the full development of avant-garde movements. The Manifesto Poético (beyond 1922) and various literary journals are the most significant samples of the role of the vanguard in Rio de Janeiro.

• Alfaro Madrid
• Colored

Journalistic Genres and Narrative Forms

The Chronicle

The Chronicle is narrative journalism that informs about current events (politics, sports, society, etc.) and includes elements of analysis or performance evaluation. This style of reporting creates a certain familiarity between the reporter and the reader.

The Report

This genre is a journalistic form that provides extensive information about events not strictly witnessed firsthand, offering views of some participants and deepening the subject matter.

Fundamentals of Sentence Structure and Syntax

The Simple Sentence

A simple sentence is formed of a single subject and a predicate (i.e., one verb).

The Compound Sentence

A compound sentence comprises more than one verb and, therefore, has more than...

Abstract, Author's Intention and Structure

Abstract; intention of the author; structure (thesis: author's personal opinion or body but is argumentative). Deductive structure (thesis, argumentative body and conclusion). Inductive (introduction, body and argumentative thesis).

Types of Arguments

Types of arguments: authority (appeal to authority: citing someone qualified), examples, common sense, or affective (appeals to feelings).

Subjectivity and Language

Subjectivity (opinion of the author): a person, lexicon, connotative connectors, types of sentences.

Pure Poetry (Poesía Pura)

Pure poetry:

• All lines often begin with a capital letter.
• Not necessarily the same meter.
• The typographical arrangement of the verses can imitate the object referred to in

Romanticism: The Exaltation of Freedom

Romanticism was born in the late eighteenth century in England and Germany with a German movement called Sturm und Drang ("Storm and Stress"). In Spain, it was a later development compared to the rest of Europe; however, it shares the same central idea of the exaltation of freedom, which generates the core characteristics of this movement:

• Individualism and exaltation of the self: Establishing the primacy of feelings over reason and a subjective view of the world. Mysterious or night scenes of nature in the wild appear, in which the poet's moods participate.
• Irrationality and creative genius: Key importance is given to the artist as a creative genius who rejects any rule that limits their creative freedom.

Renaissance Art in La Rioja

Architecture

Religious Architecture

• Monasterio de San Millán de la Cogolla (Yuso)
• Catedral de Calahorra
• Cathedral of Santa María la Redonda (Logroño)

Civil Architecture

• Palacio de los Quincoces (Briones)
• Palacio Paternina (Haro)

Sculpture

Riojan sculpture experienced a golden age during the Renaissance, with artists focusing on the realistic representation of human anatomy and the vibrant use of color.

Key Sculptors

• Damián Forment: Altarpiece of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo de la Calzada.
• Arnao de Bruselas: Altarpiece of Santa María del Palacio de Logroño.

Painting

Foreign artists, such as Andrés de Melgar, introduced the influence of Flemish painting to La Rioja, which is perfectly exemplified in Hispano-Flemish triptychs:...

The Generation of '98

The term Generation of '98 was coined by Azorín to describe a group of writers who emerged around 1900. The year 1898 marked a national disaster for Spain: the loss of its final overseas colonies. Consequently, many intellectuals protested against the state of Spanish society and politics, expressing deep concern regarding the country's backwardness and a desire to redefine the Spanish identity.

Understanding the Spanish Identity

To understand the nation, these writers sought to connect with the peninsula through:

• Its people: Engaging with the local population.
• Its landscape: Appreciating the sober and austere scenery, particularly in Soria.
• Its history: Focusing on the daily lives of ordinary people.
• Its literature: Drawing

Romanticism

Romanticism was an artistic and cultural movement that spread throughout Europe in the early decades of the nineteenth century. It introduced a new aesthetic and sensibility centered on the values of freedom, individualism, and emotion. It also emphasized nationalism. There were two distinct branches of Romanticism: the first was conservative, while the second was liberal and even revolutionary. Many Romantic writers, such as Lord Byron, Victor Hugo, and José de Espronceda, became deeply involved in liberal and national struggles.

Romantic Painters

The main features of Romantic painting include:

• Movement: A distinct break from the solemn and static neoclassical style.
• Color and Light: The use of vibrant colors applied with loose brushstrokes,

The Tribute Money by Masaccio

• Work: The Tribute of the Currency or Money Caesar
• Year: 1425
• Location: Brancacci Chapel of the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine (Church of Carmen), Florence
• Style: Renaissance (Quattrocento)
• Medium: Fresco painting on a wall
• Theme: Religious

Analysis of the Fresco

This work is part of a series of fresco scenes depicting the Old and New Testaments. It situates three scenes of the same event on a single straight wall. The scene shows the three moments of the episode in which Christ, from whom the collector had requested payment, tells Peter with a gesture that he will find the money in the water. Peter is shown drawing a coin from the mouth of a fish from the nearby lake and delivering it to the collector.

Masaccio conceived...