Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

The Romantic Novel

The novel is the genre of the new ruling class, the bourgeoisie, and the middle class. There are different types of romance novels:

• A novel insight (failed to): A hero makes a gesture to act as a serial, introspective 'I'.
• Novela: Becomes popular and goes to Spain from France, has a romantic plot, and is sometimes tearful. It represented the great Sundays.
• Novela: Also sets fashion, is aimed at a middle-class audience. Predicts what would later become historical reality.
• Novela: The authors of this period are set in the Middle Ages; documented past events not to fail in their historical narrative.

Customs Article

The customs article can be considered the most original contribution to Spanish prose. It responds to a fixed schedule:...

Paracas Culture (700 BC – 200 AD)

The Paracas Culture developed on the southern coast of Peru, specifically within the desert region of Ica, near Pisco.

Paracas Cavernas

Influenced by the Chavín style, these vessels feature a spherical body with two short spouts—sometimes featuring a sculptural zoomorphic motif—linked by a bridge handle. The figures are incised and painted after firing using polychrome techniques.

Paracas Necropolis

These vessels are ovoid or pumpkin-shaped with a flat base and two spouts joined by a short tubular bridge handle. They depict natural motifs such as fish, plants, fruits, animals, and people with high realism. The entire vessel is coated in a white englobe, with paint applied before firing (monochrome).

Ceramic

Characteristics of Formal Dialogue

• The subject to be treated is previously known.
• The interventions are performed following a particular order.
• Special care is taken with language: precise vocabulary, elaborate syntax, use of respectful formulas (you, sorry, etc.)

Formal Dialogue Structure

• Opening: Beginning the dialogue with a salutation and the presentation of the theme.
• Development: The core of the conversation.
• Farewell: End of the dialogue. Formulas are used for thanks and goodbye.

The Interview

• Introduction: We present the interviewee: name, profession, interest in the interview, etc.
• Development: The interviewer asks direct and clear questions. Respondent answers. From the first response, write one P or R.
• Closing: The interview ends with a closing

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an international economic organization based in Vienna. It was created in August 1960 in response to the falling price of oil, which had been agreed upon unilaterally by large foreign distribution companies. Its primary purposes are the unification and coordination of the petroleum policies of member countries and the defense of their interests as producing nations. Consumer countries often consider OPEC to be a cartel.¹

OPEC was founded in Baghdad during a conference held from September 10 to September 14, 1960, at the initiative of the Government of Venezuela—represented by the Minister of Energy and Mines, Juan Pablo Pérez...

Realistic Literature

The intention of realistic literature was not to evade reality, but to portray verisimilitude with the intent to criticize the society of the time, aiming to transform and improve it. Important precursors include the picaresque novel and Cervantes' Don Quixote.

Features of the Realistic Novel

• Interest in reality and the everyday: Focuses on issues of the time, addressing contemporary social and political conflicts.
• Search for objectivity and credibility: Authors aimed to build a literary world that serves as a true representation of reality.
• Detailed descriptions: Great importance is placed on the description of space and characters, recounting daily events in a time close to the writer.
• Critical presence of the author: The author

Las Meninas: A Masterpiece by Velázquez

Observe an oil on canvas depicting a scene in an interior room. This is the painting Las Meninas, created in 1656 by Velázquez, one of the true masterpieces in the history of painting.

Composition and Characters

The foreground characters are arranged in three groups:

• Center: The Infanta Margarita, accompanied by her meninas (ladies-in-waiting), Maria Agustina Sarmiento and Isabel de Velasco.
• Right: The macrocephalic dwarf Mari Bárbola, the dwarf Nicolasito Pertusato, and a mastiff dog.
• Background: The bridesmaid Marcela de Ulloa and the guardadamas Diego Ruiz de Azcona.

At the opposite end of the canvas, the figure of Velázquez stands before his easel. In the background, José Nieto, the chamberlain of the...

Historical Context

During the reign of Isabel II (1833), the support of liberals led to the Glorious Revolution in 1868, ending the monarchy. The country was shaken by the Carlist Wars. The following 30 years were marked by significant instability: the reign of Amadeo (1871–1873), the Republican parenthesis (1873–1874), the Bourbon Restoration (1875–1885), and the Disaster of '98, which saw the collapse of the Spanish colonial empire following the loss of Cuba and the Philippines.

Introduction to Realism

Realism is a worldview that prioritizes the scientific method over the irrational ideas prevalent in Romanticism. Realist writers do not escape to imaginative worlds; instead, they use observation to reflect reality. They employ detailed...

The Art of Cinema: From Script to Assembly

The Cinema is the art of representing moving images on a screen through photography. The process for making a film consists of three distinct phases:

The Script

The process to develop a script must follow these guidelines: choose an idea, write the plot, develop the argument (the treatment of choice), write the literary script, and develop the technical script. The final script is usually presented in two columns.

The Set: Planes and Angles

In the filming of a movie, the director will decide how to resolve the scenes, taking into account the movement of the camera, planes, angles, and sound effects.

Classification of Planes

• Distant planes (Descriptive):
  • Great general plane: Often used to provide external context

Realism Literary Movement

Realism was a literary movement that appeared in France in the second half of the nineteenth century, manifested in the narrative genre. Realists rejected the idealism of Romanticism and defended an art inspired by nature to represent in their work, adopting an attitude of thorough observation of the social environment.

Realism Characteristics

• Aims to reflect contemporary everyday life.
• Detailed description of location and time of action.
• Characters typically belong to the middle and lower classes; authors delve into psychological aspects explaining behavior.
• Narrative Techniques: third-person omniscient narrator, free indirect style, and interior monologue.

Naturalism Literary Movement

Naturalism was a literary movement that...

Clarín's Literary Production

Leopoldo Alas "Clarín's" novelistic production consists of only two works: The Judge's Wife (1884-1885) and His Only Son (1891). In The Judge's Wife, Clarín addresses the conflict in the pursuit of ideal love in a mediocre and hostile environment; it is a story of a lack of love and friendship.

Themes and Characters

The story is built around a love triangle involving two men—the masterful Don Fermín de Pas and the Don Juan figure Álvaro Mesía—and a woman, Ana Ozores (the judge's wife). Her nickname comes from the ancient post of regent exercised by her husband, Don Víctor Quintanar, who is not involved in the triangle.

The novel develops the theme of adultery, a prevalent theme in nineteenth-century narrative...