Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

The Vicarage
Artist: Mariano Fortuny
Style: Realism
Date: 1867-1870
Medium: Oil on canvas

Historical Context:
The early 19th century in Spain was marked by significant events. The people of Madrid rose up against the French invasion on May 2, 1808, initiating the War of Independence. Concurrently, Spain experienced the Industrial Revolution later and less intensely than other European nations. Transportation developed slowly, and agriculture remained the primary economic activity. Industrialization was concentrated in Catalonia and the Basque Country. This era also saw urban reforms, including the demolition of old structures and the creation of new avenues. Public transport emerged, and the first automobiles appeared.

Artistic Realism:
Realism in...

The Line and Shape

The line is the result of the motion of a point that moves in one direction. The line is used to reproduce and delineate the edges and profiles of an object.

• Contorno is the peripheral line of the image.
• Dintorno is the set of internal lines that are within the outline.
• Silhouette is the figure with the background color dintorno (usually dark over ground).

Form: Appearance or outward form of real things.

Graphics and Stroke

When the line is materialized on a surface, it becomes a stroke. A pen leaves a homogeneous and uniform stroke. Whether the stroke is made with the tip of a brush, diminishing the thickness increases, and the resulting lines are modulated. Artists transmit over the lines the most intimate features of their personality;...

Medical Language and Technicalities

Medical Language: Medical language is characterized by imprecision. In contrast to the precision of the language used in the exact sciences, medical language is imprecise because it reflects the breadth, complexity, and uncertainty of the content it addresses.

Abundance of Technicalities: Medical language contains between 40,000 and 100,000 technical terms, and new ones are created all the time:

• Derivation and Cultured Composition: Unlike other technical languages, which are fed mainly from English, the language of medicine is based primarily on the combination of a few thousand members of Greek or Latin origin.
• Analogy: This involves creating concepts through metaphors—that is, a relation of similarity between

The Urgency of Intersectionality

In the TED Talk "The Urgency of Intersectionality," law professor Kimberlé Crenshaw explains the origin and importance of intersectionality. She starts with an exercise that demonstrates the low level of awareness surrounding the names of African-American women killed by the police. Moreover, she explains why their stories are unknown and what we can do to raise public awareness.

The Origin of Intersectionality

Kimberlé Crenshaw coined the term “intersectionality” when she read the case of Emma DeGraffenreid, an African-American woman who sued a car manufacturing plant for not hiring her. DeGraffenreid argued that she faced discrimination based on both her race and gender, as the industrial work was available...

National vs. International Institutions That Promote CSR

Role of the Public Sector in CSR

The public sector plays several key roles in promoting corporate social responsibility (CSR):

• To obligate: regulation, inspection, and legal sanctions and incentives.
• To ease: facilitate the legislation of actions, non-mandatory guidelines, transparency, creation of incentive laws, training, awareness, and facilitation of dialogue between stakeholders.
• To collaborate: combine public and private resources, and coordinate and create synergy between public policies related to CSR and stakeholder dialogue.
• To promote: political support for CSR practices in the market, through awards, guides, recognition, and indicators.

International Institutions: The 10 Principles

Character Dynamics and Rising Conflict

The character of Beatrice is warm-hearted. On Page 7, we read: “Beatrice—there are tears on her eyes. She turns and grabs Eddie’s face in her hands.” This suggests to the audience how Eddie is compassionate and patriotic toward Italian immigrants, as he understands the poverty they are suffering. We also realize how important Beatrice's family is to her. Having “tears” produces a visual effect that simultaneously makes the scene dramatic; additionally, grabbing Eddie’s face heightens the excitement, making everyone realize the drama on stage.

On Page 21, when Rodolfo starts singing, Catherine falls in love with him. Eddie counterattacks to stop the seduction: “Eddie rises and moves upstage....

Debunking Creativity Myths

Common Misconceptions

1. The Eureka Myth

New ideas sometimes appear as a flash of insight, but this is often the culmination of prior thought and effort.

2. The Breed Myth

Creative ability isn't solely determined by genetics; it's a skill that can be developed.

3. The Originality Myth

Creative ideas often build upon existing knowledge and collaborations.

4. The Expert Myth

While expertise is valuable, relying solely on experts can limit diverse perspectives.

5. The Incentive Myth

Larger incentives don't always lead to increased innovation and can sometimes be counterproductive.

6. The Lone Creator Myth

Innovation is often a collaborative process, not the work of a single individual.

7. The Brainstorming Myth

Unstructured brainstorming...

Luis

Pedro Semitiel

Pedro

Luis

VIVA ESPAÑA

Hala Madrid

Taurino

ATM fuera de la Champions

Menudo fenómeno Severino Reija

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Joselito se echa aceite virgen extra en el pelo

Eduboss te duplica monedas

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Pedro

Semitiel

López

Establishment of American Literature

The creation of secure public value for literary works was crucial. In the 1850s, popular fiction written by women, such as Mrs. Southworth, Caroline Lee Hentz, and Mary Jane Holmes, saw unprecedented sales. These bestsellers succeeded because they spoke directly to the evolving world of women and family life, reflecting new middle-class norms of domestic propriety. They also helped organize domestic leisure into a marketable commodity. Two factors shaped this era: women's writing and a middle-class domestic audience. This crystallized the readership and reading habits that would define literary consumption in late 19th-century America. The rise of mass journalism (the "penny-press") in the 1840s, which published...

1. The Reformation

The 16th-century religious movement, rooted in European medieval and Renaissance traditions, began within the Catholic Church with a call for a return to early Christianity. It ultimately resulted in the separation of several nations from the Church.

2. Three Causes of the Reformation

• Religious: Issues regarding the discipline of the higher clergy, clerical vices, and simony.
• Political: The temporal power of the papacy, monarchical systems, and rising nationalism.
• Economic: The accumulation of capital and interest.

3. Lutheranism

A doctrine developed by Martin Luther in Germany, which states that man is saved by faith alone.

4. Basic Principles of Lutheranism

• The Bible must be interpreted directly.
• Prayer should be directed straight