Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

1. Géneros Periodísticos

1.1 Género Informativo

1.1.1 La Noticia

Es un subgénero informativo que transmite hechos de la realidad. Su estructura se compone de:

• a) Titular: Incluye el título (destacado), subtítulo (complemento) y antetítulo. La tipografía (tamaño y color) juega un papel fundamental.
• b) Lead o Entradilla: Es la entrada de la noticia. Normalmente contiene el punto principal y responde a las 6W: quién, qué, cuándo, dónde, por qué y cómo.
• c) Cuerpo: Contiene todos los detalles de la historia.

1.2 Género Explicativo

1.2.1 Crónica

A menudo confundida con la noticia, la crónica posee características propias. Es redactada por un experto que presencia el hecho de forma permanente, permitiendo evaluar o interpretar la noticia....

Medieval Period (13th and 14th Centuries)

The Medieval period saw advances in the Reconquista and strong literary development, exemplified by Gonzalo de Berceo. This era focused on verse and religious subjects with a didactic purpose.

• Cuaderna Vía: Stanza formed by four monorhyme verses.
• Alexandrine Verse: Verse of fourteen syllables.
• Celestina: Marks a departure from medieval ideals, reflecting the spirit of the time.

Renaissance (16th Century)

The Italian Influence and Realism

The Renaissance, originating in Italy during the 16th century (Siglos de Oro), marked a rebirth of classical learning, emphasizing change, human development, and natural elegance.

• Garcilaso de la Vega: Noble warrior and poet known for his eleven-syllable verse, sonnets, and

Language Varieties

Social or Diastratic Varieties

These varieties function based on social factors, such as the cultural level of the speakers.

Stylistic or Diafasic Varieties

These varieties depend primarily on the situation in which the communicative act develops, including the sender, the subject, and the channel.

Geographical or Diatopic Varieties

These varieties originate in different geographical areas where a language is spoken.

Social Factors

Social varieties are determined by specific factors, most notably:

• Age
• Educational level
• Rural or urban environment

Narrative Literature

The author narrates events that happen to characters in a specific space and time.

Story

A brief narrative where elements are reduced to the essentials: few characters, a simple...

Historical Context: The Aftermath of the Spanish Civil War (1939)

The Spanish Civil War ended in 1939. The subsequent establishment of the Francoist political regime had severe consequences for Catalan culture: many politicians and intellectuals were forced into exile, and Catalans who remained in Catalonia suffered harsh repression.

The Situation of Catalan Literature in the Post-War Period

The initial post-war period led to the disappearance of Catalan literary journals, institutions, and publishers due to Francoist repression. Catalan literature only began to recover in the second half of the 1940s.

The activity of exiled Catalan culture was also crucial; they created publishing houses, magazines, and literary prizes in parallel to those established...

Francisco de Goya (continued)

Goya, engraver and illustrator: made the engravings series listed below: the whims inspired his imagination in such popular aspects of the people, the disasters of war and social policies, bullfighting (to illustrate a book about bullfighting — Goya felt a great interest), and representations of nonsense and illogical dream worlds difficult to interpret.

Blindman's Buff (Selectivity) — 1791

Blindman's Buff (selectivity): 1791, oil on canvas. The painting in the Prado Museum is a genre scene. This work, painted in 1791, belongs to the first stage when Goya worked as a painter of cartoons. His work is characterized by the representation of gay themes of festivals and games with figures dressed in traditional costumes....

Artistic Revolutions: 1870-1914

Around 1870, an artistic current called Impressionism emerged, marking the first in a series of movements that profoundly renewed art between 1870 and 1914.

Impressionism: Capturing Fleeting Moments

• Key Artists: Claude Monet (1840-1920), Édouard Manet (1830-1883), Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), and Edgar Degas.
• Core Philosophy: Impressionists were not interested in depicting objective reality, believing that photography could fulfill that role. Instead, they aimed to capture the elusive quality of light in a fleeting moment, such as a sunrise.
• Subject Matter: For Impressionists, the subject matter was often secondary; any scene was deemed worthy of painting. However, they frequently depicted landscapes and scenes

Print Media and Journalistic Genres

The content of print media is varied, including daily general information, sports, economics, gossip magazines, political issues, and specialized publications on topics like decoration.

Different types of texts that appear in newspapers and magazines are called journalistic genres. These genres represent different ways journalists treat information. These can be divided into three groups:

1. Articles that objectively report information. Examples include news reports.
2. Articles where the journalist comments on or evaluates events. Examples include commentaries and interviews.
3. Texts in which the author expresses their opinion on current events or exposes their ideas. Examples include articles, forums, editorials, and

Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe by Édouard Manet

Painting Information

• Location: Musée d'Orsay, Paris
• Artist: Édouard Manet
• Style: Impressionism
• Date: 1863
• Technique: Oil on canvas

Historical Context

The 19th century was a time of profound political, economic, and cultural change. The Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution were particularly influential. Napoleon expanded French influence throughout Europe. The victorious European monarchies, absolute monarchies, were restored; this is known as the Restoration period.

Cultural Context

Three major artistic movements characterized this stage: Neoclassicism, Realism, and Romanticism.

Impressionist Painting

• Impressionists painted everyday scenes, often *en plein air* (outdoors).
• Landscape was the most important

The Contemporary Spanish Novel

The Turn of the 20th Century: Historical and Cultural Context

Between 1890 and 1914, the Western world witnessed a series of profound social and cultural *changes*. This period was marked by a *crisis of the fin de siècle*, characterized by:

• Major technical and scientific progress: the first car, the invention of cinema, and more.
• Rapid industrial and urban growth.
• A *crisis of positivism and rationalism*: Humanity began to doubt that science and human reason alone sufficed to explain and understand the world.

Large *scientific or moral truths*, which had provided a sense of theoretical immovability and security, began to be questioned. As a result, *irrationalist and vitalist theories* emerged, attempting to explain...

Adverbial Clauses of Time, Place, and Manner

Adverbial clauses function as adverbial complements within a complex sentence.

• Time: Equivalent to an adverb of time. NEXUS: when.
• Manner: Equivalent to an adverb of manner. NEXUS: as.
• Place: Equivalent to an adverb of place. NEXUS: where.

Causal and Final Adverbial Clauses

• Causal: Indicate the reason why the action expressed by the main verb is performed. NEXUS: because.
• Final: Indicate the purpose pursued by the action expressed by the main verb. NEXUS: for / to.

General Characteristics of the Avant-Garde

The term avant-garde refers to a set of artistic and literary movements developed in Europe and America during the first third of the 20th century. It represents a break not only with prior art and literature...