20th-Century Spanish Avant-Garde and Literary Movements
Abstract, Author's Intention and Structure
Abstract; intention of the author; structure (thesis: author's personal opinion or body but is argumentative). Deductive structure (thesis, argumentative body and conclusion). Inductive (introduction, body and argumentative thesis).
Types of Arguments
Types of arguments: authority (appeal to authority: citing someone qualified), examples, common sense, or affective (appeals to feelings).
Subjectivity and Language
Subjectivity (opinion of the author): a person, lexicon, connotative connectors, types of sentences.
Pure Poetry (Poesía Pura)
Pure poetry:
- All lines often begin with a capital letter.
- Not necessarily the same meter.
- The typographical arrangement of the verses can imitate the object referred to in the text.
- Often no punctuation; sentences are juxtaposed.
Surrealism: Concept and Method
Surrealism: attempts to express the real functioning of thought. It is a dictation of thought without the intervention of reason, exempt from any aesthetic or moral concern.
Historical and Technical Context
In the early twentieth century there were important technical advances in various fields such as radio and telephone. Today technology is very advanced. Scientific advances were also driven by people like Albert Einstein (relativity) and Sigmund Freud (psychoanalysis).
World War I and Cultural Crisis
Between 1914 and 1918 the World War created a deep crisis for Europe and undermined the values on which society rested. It was time to seek new approaches and ways of life.
Political Changes in Spain
Spain experienced significant political changes: the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–30), which led to the Second Republic (1931–36), and finally the Spanish Civil War (1936–39).
Vanguard Literature and Movements
Vanguard Literature: the artistic movement that seeks a radical break with all previous aesthetic canons, looking for provocation or reflection from the receiver of the work of art.
Key Movements and Figures
- Futurism — Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Marinetti: Futurism).
- Cubism and innovation — Guillaume Apollinaire (Cubism influence).
- Dadaism — Tristan Tzara.
- Creationism — Vicente Huidobro (Creationism).
Stages and Spanish Generations
Stages of the avant-garde include the Noucentista (or Generation of '14). They were a group of writers influenced by the Generation of '98 who, over time, laid the foundations of artistic renewal that occurred in Spain in the 1920s.
Notable Spanish Writers
Examples of writers associated with these movements: Gabriel Martínez, Ramón Pérez, José Ortega y Gasset and Ramón Gómez de la Serna. Gómez de la Serna is associated with the greguería: short phrases using metaphors, similes and puns that have a humorous, critical or simply curious concept.
Ultraism and Later Currents
Ultraism: a Spanish avant-garde stream with characteristics that combined aspects of various European movements. It brought together elements from different contemporary trends.
Guillermo (Propellers) — (the original note referred to Guillermo with the parenthetical "Propellers"; retained as provided).
Surrealist Aims
Surrealism (again): the current aims to liberate the unconscious of the artist, letting expression flow without suppression of thought and emotions. André Breton is central (Surrealist Manifesto).
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