Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Arts and Humanities for Secondary education

Core Elements of Narrative

• Narration: The expression used to tell a story, whether real or imaginary. It is often combined with description and dialogue.
• Action: The sequence of events that occur throughout the story, forming the plot.
• Characters: The individuals responsible for carrying out the actions within the story.

Types of Narrators

• First-Person Narrator: Uses the first person singular or plural (I or we).
• Omniscient Narrator: Uses the third person (he, she, they) and possesses full knowledge of the story.
• Witness Narrator: Uses the third person to recount what is seen and heard, without knowing the internal thoughts or feelings of characters.

Literary Forms

• The Novel: A complex narrative form featuring numerous characters with highly developed

Understanding Expository Text

An expository text is a form of expression used to inform, explain, disseminate, or interpret a topic in an organized and objective manner.

Key Features of Expository Text

• Order: Develops an outline to follow a logical order: introduction, development, and conclusion.
• Clarity: Each idea is presented in a transparent manner.
• Rigor: Data provided is contrasted and verified; the predominant feature is the use of references, ensuring an objective message.

Types of Expository Text

• General (Disclosed): Addresses a general theme and is aimed at a broad audience. Examples include articles and reports of general interest in daily newspapers.
• Specialized: Requires specific knowledge from the receiver and covers subjects with a high

I. The Dramatic Text and Theater Fundamentals

Dramatic text refers to literary works written specifically for representation by actors on stage. A key characteristic is the use of dialogue, replacing the figure of the narrator.

It is crucial to distinguish between the drama (the literary text) and the theatrical performance (the realization on stage, involving actors, costumes, scenery, etc.).

Key Features of Dramatic Text

• The Action: The scenic series of events that define the characters by their behavior.
• The Characters: Those who perform the action through dialogue.
• The Dramatic Tension: A mood of excitement, impatience, or anticipation produced in the viewer regarding an imminent event, aiming to maintain attention until the final outcome.

Attributes

Literary Genres

Epic

• Compositional poetry written in long lines to be recited by a bard.
• It tells memorable actions for humanity or for specific people.
• The characters stand out for their heroism and embody the values of their people.
• Uses a solemn and worshipful language style.

Story

• It is narrative and short.
• Written in prose.
• Interacts with few characters.
• It is fictional, but may be based on real events.
• Due to its brevity, it does not develop secondary issues.

Novel

• It is narrative and relatively large.
• Written in prose.
• Interacts with multiple characters.
• Presents different spaces.
• Has several lines of action.
• Develops a central theme and several side themes.

Lyric Poetry

• It is subjective: it shows the inner feelings of the lyrical self.
• Generally written

Study Phases of Audiovisual Work

Research and Development

• Documentary Search: Gathering information about the requested item.
• Experimental Work: Putting concepts into practice.

Digital Editing: Advantages

• Allows non-linear editing (cutting, pasting, and reordering clips).
• Concentrates resources within a single device (the computer).
• Maintains quality across multiple generations.
• Facilitates interactivity with external software (e.g., Photoshop).
• Supports export to various formats (DVD, digital files, Internet).

Analog Editing: Disadvantages

• Requires linear editing (errors often necessitate restarting the work).
• Requires multiple specialized devices (VCR, TV, sound mixing tables).
• Quality loss occurs with each generation.
• Limited interactivity with other

Twentieth Century Novel Characteristics

It is characterized by significant technical innovations. The narrative technique experiences a dramatic renewal.

Narrator and Point of View

The narrator tends to be objective, acting as a film camera. It merely reports what the characters say or do. Some techniques favor the narrator's "disappearance":

• Dialogue gains importance and occupies much of the novel.
• The free indirect style is introduced, using the third person.
• First-person narrative is often used, allowing access to much information. This is taken to its extreme with interior monologue.
• Sometimes, second-person narrative is used, where the narrator tells "you" the facts, addressing either another person or the self.

Argument Focus

The argument is not...

Radio: Production and Transmission

Radio: Production and transmission of information in the form of acoustic messages addressed to a collective public and disseminated through electromagnetic waves.

The Radio Message

Word: The radio message is always oral. A brief radio message requires clarity in pronunciation, use of repetitions, etc. Because it is an oral discourse, it is more agile and spontaneous than that of the press, requiring the listener to be natural. It must also have a suggestive and expressive language, compensating for the absence of visual imagery. The colloquial expression is appreciated to approximate the listener.

Radio Information Genres

Information: We use the same genres as those of the Press: news stories, etc.

Diario Spoken

Organizational Culture

Organizational culture is a set of rules, principles and experiences — a set of patterns of behavior for members of an organization in order to achieve objectives.

Org Elements: Members of the Organization

The elements related to members of the organization include values of culture and internal factors (c/int), such as feelings, skills, knowledge and enrichment to the organizational culture. These contributions help employees feel involved in business life and the organization, which in turn can improve performance and profit.

Labour Standards

Labour standards organize goals and best routines. The organization sets the rules or conditions. The ability to make changes can be more or less rigid or adaptable to different circumstances...

Baroque Art Comparison: Flanders, Netherlands, and Italy

Italian Baroque

Characteristics

• Strong light-dark contrasts (tenebrism)
• Dynamic, unstable figures
• Realism in religious and mythological scenes
• Aerial perspective for depth

Example

The Calling of St. Matthew depicts Jesus calling Matthew to follow him, set in a 17th-century tavern. The foreground figures enhance the sense of depth.

Flemish Baroque

The Three Graces by Peter Paul Rubens

• Soft, natural lighting on figures and landscape
• Mythological theme: Three Graces dancing, symbolizing joy, celebration, and music
• Loose brushwork emphasizing the idealized female nudes
• Balanced composition with circular and repetitive lines

Dutch Baroque

The Night Watch by Rembrandt

• Frozen movement, capturing individual

The introduction of sound revolutionized the film industry, drastically changing the landscape in just three years and displacing many silent film actors and directors.

The Silent Era's End: Sound's Sudden Impact

The transition was brutal. Many silent film stars, often incapable of modulating their voices for the new medium, were swiftly replaced by theater actors. Few silent film legends managed to retrain; perhaps the only notable exception was the unique Charles Chaplin.

In other cases, emerging industrial interests forced the withdrawal of professionals for whom sound cinema had no place. This shift also faced significant rejection from established filmmakers.

Filmmaker Resistance: The 1928 Soviet Manifesto

The most representative Soviet directors...