Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

General Pattern of Consumer Behavior

Determinants influencing consumer behavior are categorized as follows:

A. External Determinants

The Macro Environment (Culture)

• Culture: The set of values, norms, and rules that govern behavior. Culture varies by region, country, religion, and other factors.

The Microenvironment

• Social Class: Membership dictates different social values and attitudes. Income often determines social class.
• Social Groups: Groups to which a person belongs, aspires to belong, or seeks approval from.
• The Family: Exerts the greatest influence, intervening in daily purchase decisions. Raising a family or marriage habits can forcefully change purchasing types.

The Company

• The application of the company's marketing mix can significantly influence

Understanding Journalistic Genres

Newspaper articles are incredibly diverse. They can be broadly classified into two main groups:

• Informative Texts: These present facts objectively and primarily serve a referential function.
• Opinion Texts: These offer a subjective view or interpretation of events, primarily serving an expressive or appellative function.

Informative Subgenres

The News

The news is the primary informative subgenre. It exposes current facts objectively. A news story is considered an event that attracts significant public interest. The structure of news is often taken as a model for other journalistic texts. It typically consists of the following parts:

• Headlines: They provide a brief overview of the reported fact. Headlines are crucial

Print Media and Journalistic Genres

The content of print media is varied, including daily general information, sports, economics, gossip magazines, political issues, and specialized publications on topics like decoration.

Different types of texts that appear in newspapers and magazines are called journalistic genres. These genres represent different ways journalists treat information. These can be divided into three groups:

1. Articles that objectively report information. Examples include news reports.
2. Articles where the journalist comments on or evaluates events. Examples include commentaries and interviews.
3. Texts in which the author expresses their opinion on current events or exposes their ideas. Examples include articles, forums, editorials, and

Qualitative Market Research Techniques

1. Imaging Studies

Imaging is a qualitative market research method that investigates the internal, emotional, and profound aspects of consumers' perceptions of products, brands, and advertising. To perform an imaging study, follow these steps:

• Identify competitive products under a brand or company.
• Create a list of attributes for qualitative analysis.
• Determine the level of product knowledge, brand, or company awareness.
• Determine the importance of attributes and how they influence purchase decisions.
• Obtain comparative results of the competition for brand, products, and company.
• Gather information about your company's brand and purchase intent.
• Collect demographic information descriptive of the study segment.
• Analyze

Literature of the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

In the second half of the nineteenth century, literature reflected social changes and new ideological currents. Thus, the main objective of Realism and Naturalism was to provide a clear picture of the society of the time.

Literary Genres of the Period

These ideological currents were translated into different genres:

• Lyrical Poetry: Poetry was scarce. The most prominent authors were Ramón de Campoamor and Núñez de Arce.
• Theatre: It represented contemporary life issues. The most cultivated theatrical subgenres at this time were the high comedy (López de Ayala, Tamayo y Baus), the comedy of manners (Bretón de los Herreros), and the social drama (José Echegaray).
• Narrative: The novel was the

Avant-Garde Aesthetic Movements

Avant-garde refers to a set of artistic movements that developed in the early decades of the 20th century. These movements rebelled against the concept of art based on the imitation of reality, maintaining the exceptional taste and the strange legacy of symbolism.

Even from very different positions, they met a number of common characteristics that had a profound impact on art and literature:

• Anti-realism and autonomy of art
• Irrationality
• Desire for originality
• Aesthetic experimentation

Highlights Within the European Avant-Garde

• Futurism: Proclaimed its break with the past and praised the geometric splendor of the world, mechanical civilization, and technical achievements. Stylistically, it sought verbal dynamism and

Equestrian Monuments of Louis XIII and Louis XIV

The arches were constructed for the first time, defining two important sides (or wings), known as the King's Wing and the Queen's Wing. These spaces were used for various events, including public spectacles and criminal executions.

In the center stood an equestrian statue representing King Louis XIII on horseback. This statue had previously utilized the base of an equestrian statue of Henry II, made earlier by the Italian painter, sculptor, and architect Volterra (it was repurposed).

In 1690, in Paris, another equestrian statue, this time of Louis XIV by Gilardonde, was placed in the plaza. Previously, the work had been commissioned to Bernini, but the latter's design was considered too theatrical,... Continue reading "Baroque Equestrian Sculpture: Mochi's Farnese and Tacca's Philip IV" »

Journalistic Genres and Narrative Forms

The Chronicle

The Chronicle is narrative journalism that informs about current events (politics, sports, society, etc.) and includes elements of analysis or performance evaluation. This style of reporting creates a certain familiarity between the reporter and the reader.

The Report

This genre is a journalistic form that provides extensive information about events not strictly witnessed firsthand, offering views of some participants and deepening the subject matter.

Fundamentals of Sentence Structure and Syntax

The Simple Sentence

A simple sentence is formed of a single subject and a predicate (i.e., one verb).

The Compound Sentence

A compound sentence comprises more than one verb and, therefore, has more than... Continue reading "Foundational Principles of Communication and Literary Arts" »

Mass Media: Channels of Information Transmission

Mass media channels transmit information of general interest to the public.

Primary Media Channels

• Radio: Auditory means (spoken word, music).
• Television (TV): Audiovisual medium, often incorporating written language and high-fidelity sound.
• Internet: The most recent medium, transmitting written, graphic, and multimedia information.
• Graphic Media (Print): Uses writing and illustrations (e.g., newspapers, magazines).

Key Characteristics and Functions of Media

Essential Media Characteristics

• Immediacy: Providing information in real-time, focusing on current events.
• Universality: Collecting and disseminating worldwide news.
• Diversity: Nearly any subject can become the object of media coverage.

Primary Media

The House of Bernarda Alba:
Biography: Federico García Lorca was born in Granada in 1898. He lived in Madrid and met Dalí, Alberti, and others. He traveled to the U.S. and Cuba, and upon his return to Spain, the Civil War broke out. Due to his position and his anti-fascist Republican trend, he was shot in 1936. His literature is inherited from the Generation of '98. For Lorca, theater was a way to educate the people, a didactic goal.
His Works: Among his plays are: Blood Wedding, Trip to the Moon, and more.
Comment Text: We are faced with an excerpt from his book The House of Bernarda Alba, published in 1936 but not released in Spain until after the Franco dictatorship. In this work, considered by critics as the fundamental work of Lorca, the