Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Participants in Television Communication

Television communication involves several key participants:

• Issuer: This refers to a large public or private consortium controlling multiple communication-related companies, such as television chains and radio stations.
• Receiver (Spectator): Television reaches nearly the entire society. In Spain, for example, 98% of households have television, and the wide variety of content is a major cause of mass consumption.
• Message: Television images are designed to captivate the audience. They create the illusion that viewers are witnessing events firsthand, but these images are not reality. They are fast and fleeting, requiring viewers to grasp the moment. Their captivating nature also means the viewer has little

Media: Transmitting Information

The media are systems through which information is transmitted to a wider audience, also called mass media. (Press, radio, and television).

Press: The Oldest Medium

In Spain, the first newspapers date from the eighteenth century.

Language of the Press

• Written word: Texts must be clear and easy to understand.
• Still image: Information complemented with images.
• Design elements: Major elements such as font and color.

Radio: Sound Medium

Verbal language, music, sound effects (recording or effects), silence.

Television: Moving Images

Its beginning dates back to 1929. Social influence. Aspects of the moving image. Uses music and sound effects. Dominates the spoken language.

Internet: Vast Hypertext

Multimedia language is used.

The

The Power of Radio Communication

Radio is a widely accepted and accessible medium of communication. It offers a unique listening experience that is compatible with the development of other activities, allowing for multitasking.

Elements of Radio Language

The verbal language of radio adapts to its fleeting nature, striving to capture the listener's attention without visual support. It integrates three key elements:

• Music: Can serve as primary content, background for verbal communication, or form distinct radio spots.
• Special Effects: Short sound sequences that complement spoken words and music. These include real sounds and imitations.
• Silence: Acts as a crucial counterpoint, reinforcing the meaning and impact of the message's auditory components.

Core Features of Theatrical Performance

Theater is a unique art form that must tell a story within a limited time, thus it cannot afford unnecessary delays. The storyline should capture the audience's attention. Theater is a rich mix of spectacular language and resources. Characters involved are conceived by the author to be embodied by actors on a stage. The action is determined by establishing dialogue and developing the central conflict. The author's presence is felt through the plot and characterization.

Essential Dramatic Elements

• Action

  Action develops in acts or parts. If a spatial change is produced within an act, then there is a change of frame. When a character leaves the scene, a new scene begins.

• Actors and Characters

  Actors portray characters

Baroque Prose: 17th Century Narrative Styles

The 17th century saw a decline in Renaissance narrative styles. Baroque prose is characterized by the establishment of the picaresque novel and the expression of a sensibility that could only be transmitted with an innovative, hard, and sharp style, resulting in novel ideas.

Picaresque Novel in the 17th Century: Mateo Alemán

• Born in Seville (1547), he graduated from high school but did not finish the medical studies he began. His various jobs, including that of a judge in the royal administration, did not solve the economic problems that led him to jail for debt. He traveled to America in 1608 and published Events of Fray Garcia, Archbishop of Mexico, in whose service he worked. Since 1612, nothing

Understanding Narrative

A narrative is a story told to convey what happens to characters in a specific time and place.

Difference Between History, Narrative Text, and Narrative

• History: Refers to the actual events that have occurred.
• Narrative Text: The message conveyed in the act of communication.
• Narrative: The story told; how the text appears to have a narrative.

Essential Elements of a Narrative

A narrative requires:

• Someone who tells the story (narrator)
• Characters to whom events happen
• A place and time for the events to occur

Types of Narrators

The narrator is the one who tells the story. They can be classified based on their involvement in the story and the grammatical person used:

• Internal Narrator: Involved in the story.
  • Autobiographical Narrator:

Stage Lighting

Special Effects

• Physical: Smoke, snow, wind, fire, rain, etc.
• Electronic: Projectors (front and rear screen projection) for simple and moving images.
• Luminous: Laser.

Audiovisual

Displays, video projectors, cameras, etc.

Light Sources

Controllable characteristics:

• Intensity: Brightness level.
• Distribution: Area of illumination.
• Color: Controlled with gels (e.g., Rosco catalog).

Purpose of Stage Lighting

• Illumination: Provide visibility.
• Dimension: Create shadows and depth.
• Selection: Highlight specific elements.
• Atmosphere: Set the mood and environment.

Projector Placement

1. Front: Angle relative to the illuminated object no more than 75° on the horizontal plane.
2. Rear (Contra): Creates dimension and volume, highlights actors' outlines. Fresnel and

Origins and Key Characteristics

Romanticism emerged as a powerful artistic and intellectual movement, surging across Germany, England, and France. A pivotal figure in its German inception was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whose seminal work, The Sorrows of Young Werther, profoundly influenced the era. This novel vividly narrates the hardships of passionate, often violent, love that tragically culminates in suicide, embodying many core Romantic ideals.

Core Features of Romanticism

• Exaltation of the Individual

  A central tenet was the worship of the material world, transforming into an artistic and literary exaltation. This fostered a profound cult of privacy, individuality, and subjective nuance, placing the inner world of the artist at the forefront.

Realism in Literature

Realism focuses on the accurate observation of contemporary reality. As a result, the novel will be the predominant genre that best meets the goals of aesthetic and moral realism. The realist novel aspires to become a credible and accurate document of the society of the time.

Features:

• Objective observation (everything revolves around reality)
• Contemporary ambiance (there are things from the time of writing)
• Thesis approach (often defends an ideological thesis)
• Psychological analysis of the characters (they are common characters; the bourgeoisie dominates, and as the century progresses, the proletarians and marginalized, especially women)
• The omniscient narrator (a habitual type of narrator who knows all about the characters)

Carles Riba: "I Was Not More Like a Bird Alone..."

Poetic Metrics and Form

This strophic poem employs a form of accommodation, a technique widely used in the Renaissance but adapted here. Each of the three stanzas combines five Alexandrine verses (enneasyllabic) with a final hexasyllabic verse. The rhyme scheme follows ABBACDDDC.

Structural Analysis of the Poem

The poem is divided into three distinct sections, each corresponding to a stanza:

• In the first part, the poetic "I" expresses a desire to escape loneliness, even using the image of a bird flying over a great river (symbolizing life) to transform from "free water" into something that reaches the city.
• The second part emphasizes life's stresses. The poetic "I" feels less connected to those who