Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Marketing and Research Techniques

1. Brainstorming

Characterized by bringing together a group of people to discuss a topic. It aims to generate ideas among all participants and select the best ones from the brainstorming session.

2. Delphi Method

The Delphi method presents the following characteristics:

• Anonymity: Participants are unknown to each other, and even personal data remains confidential. Anonymity allows individuals to express their opinions freely without fear of judgment.
• Moderator: A moderator guides the discussion and ensures the group stays focused on the topic.
• Free Response Interviews: Respondents answer interview questions openly. While there's a possibility of insincere answers, it's often balanced by the diverse perspectives of

Phidias and Classical Greek Sculpture

Phidias represents the peak of Greek classicism. His figures are ideal prototypes, full of serenity, balance, and beauty. His works are characterized by the serene expression on the faces and the flexibility and transparency of the garments. He is the artist who best represented the gods. Phidias cultivated both free-standing sculpture and relief, reaching a very high degree of perfection.

Decoration of the Parthenon

Phidias was entrusted with the sculptural decoration of the Parthenon, primarily situated in the pediments, friezes, and metopes. He devised and supervised the work. Some characteristics of Phidias' style are:

• The clothing, using the technique of "wet drapery," allows the anatomy to be appreciated,

Theatrical Innovations of Generation Nós

The Generation Nós (Our Generation) did not primarily use theater as a political weapon or didactic tool. Instead, they provided an extraordinary impulse from a literary perspective, integrating Galician theater into European currents. With them came the first symbolist and surrealist elements, surpassing the previous realism. From then on, their works featured not only Galician peasants and landowners, but also knights and princesses, toads, kegs, cliffs, the saints of the Portico of Glory, ghosts, and more.

1. Vicente Risco: Symbolist Drama

Vicente Risco wrote a single play, The Jester of the King, a symbolist drama that explores physical and moral deformity.

2. Ramón Otero Pedrayo: Extensive Dramatic

Radio: Information, Education, and Entertainment

Radio's primary function is to inform, educate, and entertain.

Language of Radio

Spoken Word

Spoken Word is characterized by oral language traits: spontaneity, immediacy, fleetingness, informality, and repetition. Since it's primarily auditory, the speaker must use intonation, vocalization, pauses, inflection, and rhythm to maintain listener interest (Parasintetic Elements).

Music

Music serves various purposes, including identifying programs or stations, marking program segments, introducing advertisements, filling gaps, setting the mood, and providing content for music-focused programs.

Sound Effects

Sound effects help listeners interpret messages correctly and imagine events: applause, laughter, screams,... Continue reading "Radio and Television: Genres, Language, and Elements" »

The Novel

Definition

The novel is a prominent contemporary narrative subgenre, captivating both critics and audiences. It presents narrative patterns found in other subgenres, offering a compelling storytelling experience.

It is a story of considerable length, centered around a narrator who presents actions, characters, times, and places, emphasizing one of these categories as dominant.

Structural Elements

1. Time

As a story, the novel's events are arranged in a specific sequence.

• Time of speech: The final point in time of the narrated events.
• Story time: The timeframe in which the story unfolds.

2. Space

Space serves to locate characters and their actions, creating symbolic effects. It functions independently and can symbolize character or mood.

3. Plot

The... Continue reading "Understanding the Novel: Structure, Elements, and Classification" »

Ramón María del Valle-Inclán's Theater Periods

The dramatic works of Valle-Inclán are typically categorized into distinct cycles:

• Modernist Cycle

  This cycle includes works such as The Marquis of Bradomín (1906) and The Wilderness of Souls (1908).

• Mythic Cycle

  Starting with his native Galicia, Valle-Inclán creates a mythical and timeless world. Irrationality, violence, lust, greed, and death rule the destinies of the protagonists. Works belonging to this period include the trilogy Barbaric Words and Divine Comedies.

• Farce Cycle

  This is a group of comedies gathered in a volume called Plank's Puppet Education of Princes (1909, 1912, 1920). These works present a continuing contrast between the sentimental and the grotesque, and their puppet-show

The Generation of '27 in Spanish Theater

The Generation of '27 was a group of influential poets and writers who emerged in Spanish literary circles in the 1920s. While primarily celebrated for their poetry, many members also made significant contributions to the world of theater. This section highlights some key figures and their theatrical endeavors:

Key Figures and Their Theatrical Contributions

• Rafael Alberti: His theatrical concerns often reflected the themes of his poetry, exploring concepts found in works like 'The Uninhabited Man' and 'Monstrosity'.
• Max Aub: Began his career with avant-garde works, later writing engaged theater that powerfully reflected reality, particularly during his exile.
• Alejandro Casona: Renowned for his poetic realism

Literary Perspectives: Tragedy and Realism

Hamlet: Shakespeare's Tragic Vision

Shakespeare employed a diverse range of language, from vulgar to more solemn, adapting it to the dialogue's context, character, and social class. For the author, importance lies in the expression of feelings; the entire work revolves around the protagonist's thoughts. Another characteristic of the author's style is the coexistence of tragic and comic elements. Regarding the work itself, it reflects sixteenth-century Danish society. It also portrays the world as a meaningless chaos dominated by passions and delusions.

Madame Bovary: Flaubert's Psychological Realism

The author focuses all his interest on the psychological analysis of the protagonist, Madame Bovary. While... Continue reading "Literary Analysis: Shakespeare's Hamlet and Flaubert's Bovary" »

Pisa Area Romanesque Style

The Romanesque style in the Pisa area is characterized by a complex where the cathedral, baptistery, and bell tower are separated to enhance their monumental appearance. Churches in this region typically feature five naves and three naves in the transept, distinctive characteristics of Italian Romanesque. They incorporate arches and large galleries covering the walls. For decoration, the space between architectural elements is often utilized for openings. The Baptistery is circular, and the bell tower features numerous arches.

German Romanesque Style

Key features of German Romanesque include the potential use of a double apse or a double cross plan.

Rhine Zone Romanesque

This sub-style often incorporates similar cylindrical... Continue reading "Regional Romanesque Architecture: Styles and Features" »

The Generation of '50: Poetry and Characteristics

Characteristics of the Generation of '50 Poetry

• Expression of Privacy and Love: In contrast to the previous generation where the 'I' gave way to the community, poets of the Generation of '50 preferred their privacy and openly expressed their love, whether real or feigned, without shame.
• Assessment of the Poetic Word: The poetics of this new generation highly valued the word, achieving effects of ambiguity in reading, which could lead to symbolism and irrationalism.
• Concentration and Expressive Tension: Poets sought to create a unified poem through natural and constructed language. Rhyme and traditional rhythm were often ignored, leading to freer verse. However, heroic verse and Alexandrine, combined