Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Mobile Iconographic Language Elements: The Plans

The camera lens captures a part of reality and frames it. The plane sequence is a scene filmed in a single shot (or take).

Elements of Plane Composition

Composition factors determine how visual elements are arranged within the frame:

• Field: Everything visible within the frame. This includes elements within the field and those outside, but logically deduced by the viewer.
• Composition: Elements of increased interest should be placed so that the frame is neither too crowded nor lacking in visual balance.
• Continuity: When framing a character, especially when they are looking or moving, allow extra space in those directions to maintain visual flow.

The Raccord (Continuity Editing)

The raccord is the arrangement... Continue reading "Cinematic Language Fundamentals: Shots, Raccord, and Editing" »

Las Meninas by Diego Velázquez

Work: Las Meninas (1656).
Author: Diego Velázquez (1599–1660).
Support: The surface on which the artwork is done; it can be canvas or cloth, table, wall, or roof. In this case, it was painted on a canvas.

Technical Characteristics

• Color: Color stains are applied with a loose brush.
• Realism: The figures are treated as everyday people. There is also great care in representing objects, including translating the movement of the wheel.
• Expressiveness: Avoiding exaggerated dramatic gestures and focusing on normal attitudes.
• PS: Leave the wheel.

Technique and Style

There are three main groups of techniques:

• Fresco painting: Pigments diluted in water.
• Tempera: Pigments diluted in egg white.
• Oil painting: Pigments are diluted with

Salvador Dalí's The Great Masturbator, created in 1929, is a seminal work of dreamlike surrealism. This oil on canvas painting, measuring 1.1 m x 1.5 m, is housed at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid.

Historical Context

The year 1929 was decisive not only for Dalí's biography but also for the evolution of the pictorial Surrealist movement, of which this work is one of the most representative manifestations. Dalí developed his paranoid-critical method, which involved relating arbitrary images to emerging obsessions. Dalí's mastery of pictorial technique is evident: flawless and precise drawing, vibrant and luminous colors, and an almost photographic realism. The distinction from traditional painting lies in the unusual... Continue reading "Salvador Dalí's The Great Masturbator: A Surrealist Icon" »

During the Middle Ages, two prominent art schools emerged: Romanesque and Gothic. Romanesque art originated in the 10th century, while Gothic art followed in the 12th century. For a time, they coexisted before Gothic eventually replaced Romanesque across much of Western Europe. Spain, Germany, and France were particularly rich in Romanesque art. However, France transitioned early to the Gothic style, becoming, along with England and Spain, one of the countries with a less developed Romanesque style.

The Church's Influence on Medieval Art

The Church played a crucial role in both periods. As the highest authority during the Middle Ages, it influenced art in all its forms:

• Painting: Although not extensively developed, painting primarily depicted

Avant-Garde Movements: These aesthetic movements, prevalent in Europe earlier this century, rejected the principles of the society in which they lived and existing literary models. The avant-gardes were based on this sense of rebellion. The following movements were key:

• Parnassianism: Originating in France, it called for formal perfection and aestheticism.
• Symbolism: It proposed capturing the essence of things, what they hide beneath their appearance.
• Impressionism: A fruitful movement in the pictorial arts, it played with the impression that reality causes in humans.
• Decadence: Associated with the decay at the end of the century, it showed a predilection for exquisite/refined environments.

Features of the Esperpento

The Esperpento. The word "grotesque" was popularly used with meanings of "extravagance" and "ugliness." Valle-Inclán (VI) uses it to refer to his theater. The esperpento is defined given the situation of the characters, unable to reach the height of tragedy, and how ridiculous they are in their situation.

The theory about the new genre appears in scene XII. In it, the main character says, "Our tragedy is not a tragedy." Tragedy is a genre too noble for the surrounding landscape. And from the impossibility of tragedy comes the *esperpento*. The nature of this *aesthetic deformans* is illustrated with reference to the concave mirrors that decorated the facade of a shop on Cat Street in Madrid.

In an interview in 1928,... Continue reading "Valle-Inclán's Esperpento: Features and Analysis" »

A View From The Bridge: Analysis of Themes and Characters

A View From The Bridge by Arthur Miller

Actions

When we see Catherine serve food, or offer Eddie a beer, or when she sits on the bath while he shaves in her slip, we are being told about their relationship. Without being lovers, they have the kind of intimacy only lovers should have.

The two kisses at the start of act II are equally effective on stage: one with its suggestion of incest and the other illustrating Eddie's mistaken belief in Rodolfo's homosexuality.

The final action of the play is where Eddie dies by his own hand and his own weapon; but Eddie also metaphorically destroys himself over the whole course of the play. And this is what Alfieri introduces at the play's opening: "the... Continue reading "Analyzing 'A View From The Bridge': Themes and Characters" »

Market Research Fundamentals

Market research involves collecting and analyzing information a company needs to make marketing decisions.

Phases of Market Research

1. Define the problem and research objectives: Clear objectives help achieve clear results.
2. Design the research plan: Decide how to carry out the research and methods for obtaining information.
3. Search for and obtain information: It is essential to distinguish between secondary and primary information.

   Secondary Information

   Information that has been developed for purposes other than the research being carried out. It can be internal or external, depending on whether the information is inside or outside the company.

   Primary Information

   New information generated through surveys, experimentation,

Michelangelo's Vatican Pietà: A Renaissance Masterpiece

Composition and Symbolism

• The two figures form a closed pyramidal composition.
• The Virgin Mary holds Christ, who lies in her lap. Her eyes are cast down, yet she also engages the viewer directly.
• One hand welcomes her son, while the other seems to invite adoration. Her figure forms the pyramid's base.
• The group contrasts the nudity of Jesus with the deep, heavy folds of Mary's drapery. The Virgin's weight is conveyed as she only touches the ground with her right foot.

Historical Context and Artistic Choices

• Commissioned by Cardinal Jean de Bilhères-Lagraulas.
• The contract clearly specified the Virgin Mary covered with a garment and the body of Christ dead in her arms.
• The sculpture depicts the

The Experimental Novel: Factors Influencing Formal Renewal

The factors influencing the formal renewal of Spanish narrative after 1960 include:

• The depletion of the formulas associated with Socialist Realism.
• Greater openness to foreign literary currents.
• A deeper understanding of the great innovators of the novel from the first half of the 20th century (e.g., Proust, Kafka).
• The influence of recent trends, such as the French Nouveau Roman and Hispano-American literature.

This period is marked by progressive formal experimentation, a slowing in the linguistic dimension of the narrative, and the predominance of what might be called the Neovanguardista novel.

Fundamental Characteristics of the Experimental Novel

The fundamental characteristics of this... Continue reading "The Spanish Experimental Novel: Characteristics and Key Authors" »