Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Jackson Pollock's Number 1 (1948)

Classification of the Work

• Title: Number 1
• Author: Jackson Pollock
• Timeline: 1948
• School or Country: USA
• Style: Abstract Expressionism

Theme

A path of fine lines overlaps and extends across the canvas, creating a composition that seems to have no limits.

Description

• Support: Canvas
• Technique: Oil and enamel painting (with aluminum paint)

Formal and Compositional Elements

• Form: Open pictorial
• Composition: Open or centrifugal
• Geometric Perspective
• Asymmetry
• Technique/Geometry: Dripping

Antecedents and Subsequent Influences

Pollock learned techniques from Native American (Navajo) sand painting. He also studied the works of Picasso and Miró. He created and utilized the dripping technique in several paintings.

Relations with Similar

Camera Shots, Angles, and Movements

Types of Camera Shots

• Major General Plan (Extreme Long Shot): The person appears reduced in size or is not visible. Establishes the scene.
• Outline (Long Shot): The person occupies approximately one-third of the frame. Focuses on the character.
• Plan Set (Medium Long Shot): Shows relationships between people, often used for Augmented Reality (AR) figures.
• Entire Plan (Full Shot): The person appears complete. Portrays the character fully.
• American Plan (Medium Shot): The person is shown from the knees up. Brings us closer to the character.
• Midplane (Medium Close-Up): Cuts the character at waist height. Highlights gestures.
• Foreground (Close-Up): Shows the character's face. Highlights emotions and feelings.
• Plan Detail

Semantic Meaning Relations

These relations define how the meanings of words interact:

• Antonymy: Words with opposite meanings.
• Synonymy: Words with equal or very similar meanings.
• Polysemy: A single word having multiple related meanings.
• Hyperonymy/Hyponymy: A hierarchical relationship (e.g., vehicle is the hyperonym of car).
• Homonymy: Words that share the same form (spelling or pronunciation) but have distinct, unrelated meanings (e.g., hard (adjective) and hard (adverb)).
• Homophony: Words that sound the same but are spelled differently (e.g., to, too, two).
• Homography: Words that are spelled the same but are pronounced differently (e.g., read (present) vs. read (past)).
• Paronymy: Words that are similar in sound and spelling but have different meanings

Gothic Art: Influences and Evolution

Gothic art underwent significant transformations influenced by several key factors:

• The evolution of theological and philosophical thinking.
• The awakening of humanism.
• The Cistercian Reform.
• New social structures.

Gothic Sculpture: Characteristics and Development

Gothic sculpture is characterized by:

• Naturalism.
• Humanism and expressiveness.
• Volume and movement.

Evolution of Gothic Sculpture Style

During its early stages, reliefs did not prioritize perspective. Over time, they gained more volume and naturalism, though full development wasn't achieved until the fifteenth century. Initially, figures were simple, presenting a clear style. In the fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, figures became elongated, outlined... Continue reading "Gothic Art and Sculpture: Evolution, Forms, and Masterpieces" »

Picasso's Guernica: A Cry Against War

Guernica by Picasso is a huge cry against war and brutality. It is also one of the most crucial paintings in the history of twentieth-century painting.

Style and Influences

It gathers geometric forms from Cubism, haunting images from Surrealism, and the dramatic force of Expressionism.

Style: Cubism, Surrealism, Expressionism.

Theme and Context

Theme: It denounces the brutal bombing of Guernica suffered by the civilian population due to the fascist German aviation. This was the first indiscriminate attack of modern warfare on civilians.

The absence of color is related to the fact that Picasso learned of the killing from newspapers.

Composition and Structure

The painter used expressive resources so that illuminated... Continue reading "Picasso's Guernica: Analysis of a Masterpiece" »

Renaissance and the classical antiquity in Italy, fifteenth century. In Italy, medieval art did not carry over. Classicism was always present. The rebirth is an Italian art movement that stretches across Europe. It is difficult to locate the styles, as in Flanders in the fifteenth century arose a school different from the medieval. Van Eyck, linked to cultural Renaissance humanism, brought a new idea: anthropocentrism versus theocentrism. This movement recovers classical culture, which was replaced by the church's essence. From the economy, establishing the urges, which sponsors make us part of the political creation of new nation-states, divided into small regions. Florence, Italy, and Rome in the XV and XVI centuries saw the anonymity disappear... Continue reading "Renaissance Art in Italy: Key Concepts and Styles" »

The Renaissance: The Age of Humanism

The social and cultural transformation of the 15th and 16th centuries is called the Renaissance.

Essential Features

• Humanism
• Current cultural trends

Basic Characteristics

• Care for human beings
• Inspired by literature, philosophy, and art of the past
• Search for truth through reason and experience

Media of Humanism

Printing

Gutenberg's invention around 1440 allowed for the publishing of many books, eliminating the need to hand-copy each specimen.

Academies

Academies served as meeting places for scholars to develop and disseminate humanistic studies.

The Scientific Development

The desire to investigate and learn the fundamentals incentivized the development of humanistic sciences.

16th Century Figures

• Nicolaus Copernicus: Heliocentric

Narrative Perspectives

• Third Person: An omniscient observer, or through another narrator's perspective.
• First Person: A character, supporting character, or observer within the story.
• Second Person: The narrator addresses the reader directly, often making the reader the character.

Literary Elements: Time & Space

Time in Narrative

• Narrative Time: The duration of the story, which can span a lifetime, a year, or a shorter period.
• Time Period: The historical or fictional era in which the story is set.

Space in Narrative

• Objective Space: A real or imagined setting introduced by the narrator using descriptive techniques at the story's outset.
• Subjective Space: The setting as perceived and presented by the characters themselves.
• Narrated Events: The sequence

Noucentisme, a name associated with the early 20th century, marked a new era in Catalan culture. While primarily a literary movement, it was underpinned by a government with a clear cultural agenda. This significant Catalan political and cultural initiative, championed by figures like Enric Prat de la Riba, was supported by Pompeu Fabra and Eugeni d'Ors. Their government was instrumental in modernizing Catalan political language and culture. Enric Prat de la Riba, in particular, championed orthographic reforms, building upon earlier efforts from the Renaixença to revitalize the language after periods of decline.

Noucentisme, notably through the work of Pompeu Fabra, normalized Catalan spelling rules, leading to the creation of a standardized... Continue reading "Noucentisme: Shaping Catalan Culture and Identity" »

The Art of Rhetoric and Communication

Oratory is the art of public speaking. Rhetoric is the art of expressing oneself orally and in writing, often with an elaborate and aesthetic style.

A literary text (a subjective text where the author expresses their opinion) or a rhetorical text pursues aesthetic purposes. It uses language that is not strictly functional and communicative.

Essential Elements of Communication

In a communication process, essential elements are:

• Emissor (Sender): Expresses their personality as an author, from their point of view.
• Receiver: The reader makes a personal appreciation and review of the literary work.
• Message: The text is the result of a literary aesthetic elaboration, constantly balancing content with the way the message