Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Opinion Leadership

Opinion leadership (or word-of-mouth communication) is the process by which an opinion leader informally influences others, who may be opinion seekers or recipients.

Influence is:

• Interpersonal
• Informal
• Between individuals, none representing a commercial seller.

Parties Involved:

• Opinion Leader: Provides product information and advice.
• Opinion Receiver: Receives solicited or unsolicited information.
• Opinion Seeker: Actively seeks product information and advice.

Category Specific: Opinion leaders specialize in certain product categories.

Two-Way Street: Leaders in one situation may be receivers in another.

Measurement Techniques

• Self-Designated Method: Respondents assess their own opinion leadership.
• Sociometric Method: Individuals identify

The Bacchanal of the Andrians

Titian, Renaissance style transitioning to Mannerism in the 16th century. Uses the technique of oil on canvas. The Prado Museum painting is mythological. It is an early work that shows the bare landscape. It is about naked women and movement.

On a background of deep blue and golden clouds, showing the joy and laxity that wine produces, affecting both the old man sleeping on the hill and the young man who is in the foreground, and inspiring the joy to drink and dance in the core group. The reclining woman at the forefront of the center of the canvas is said to be Violante, with whom the painter was in love then. At her side, a musical score reads: "He who drinks and drinks again knows not what it is not to drink."... Continue reading "Masterpieces by Titian" »

Federico García Lorca: Life, Work, and Social Context

1. Work and Social Context

Status of the Author in His Time

Federico García Lorca, a renowned Spanish poet and playwright, was born in Fuente Vaqueros in 1898. His childhood was spent in a rural setting, and he later studied at a college in Almería. He pursued higher education at the University of Granada, where he befriended Manuel de Falla. Falla exercised great influence on Lorca, communicating his love for folklore and popular culture. After 1919, Lorca moved to Madrid, where he met prominent figures. He devoted himself not only to poetry but also to music and drawing, and he became increasingly interested in theater. He traveled to New York, and upon his return, he became the director... Continue reading "Federico García Lorca: Life, Work, and The House of Bernarda Alba" »

Radio

Radio is a social media platform based on words and sounds.

Features

• Messages are perceived instantly through the ear.
• Radio is fleeting and ephemeral.
• It uses sound resources like voice, music, sound effects, and silence to stimulate the listener's imagination.
• Its audience is diverse and vast.
• Radio aims to deliver news quickly and entertain through various programs.

Functions of Language

• Representative: Messages reflect reality and report events.
• Persuasive: Messages aim to influence listeners' opinions.
• Aesthetic: Programs present artistic content.

Radio Broadcasts

• News:
  • Flash/News Brief: Reports on recent events.
  • Scheduled Bulletin: Summarizes important news.
  • Discussion: A group analyzes the day's top news stories.
• Variety Shows: Long-form programs

Romanticism: A Focus on Emotion and Individuality

The Romantic movement, with its nationalist roots, recovered folk traditions to represent the people in all forms. It was characterized by the pursuit of originality, the abandonment of the precepts of classical composition, and the predominance of the lyric. The disadvantaged first appear, seen as a symbol of freedom and existing outside social conventions. The author is the center of inspiration.

Key characteristics of Romanticism:

• Rejection of classical canons and the Neoclassical ideal.
• Defense of the artist's freedom and originality.
• Vindication of ugliness and the horror.
• Blending of genres and styles.
• Emphasis on feelings over reason.
• Nationalistic or patriotic feeling.

Rebirth: Political and

Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe by Édouard Manet

Painting Information

• Location: Musée d'Orsay, Paris
• Artist: Édouard Manet
• Style: Impressionism
• Date: 1863
• Technique: Oil on canvas

Historical Context

The 19th century was a time of profound political, economic, and cultural change. The Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution were particularly influential. Napoleon expanded French influence throughout Europe. The victorious European monarchies, absolute monarchies, were restored; this is known as the Restoration period.

Cultural Context

Three major artistic movements characterized this stage: Neoclassicism, Realism, and Romanticism.

Impressionist Painting

• Impressionists painted everyday scenes, often *en plein air* (outdoors).
• Landscape was the most important

Understanding Expository Text

An expository text is a form of expression used to inform, explain, disseminate, or interpret a topic in an organized and objective manner.

Key Features of Expository Text

• Order: Develops an outline to follow a logical order: introduction, development, and conclusion.
• Clarity: Each idea is presented in a transparent manner.
• Rigor: Data provided is contrasted and verified; the predominant feature is the use of references, ensuring an objective message.

Types of Expository Text

• General (Disclosed): Addresses a general theme and is aimed at a broad audience. Examples include articles and reports of general interest in daily newspapers.
• Specialized: Requires specific knowledge from the receiver and covers subjects with a high

Àngel Guimerà: Poet and Playwright

Àngel Guimerà rose to prominence in the Renaixença literature as a poet. He was a writer with a worldview that insisted on ethical themes, and characters who relate their own experiences. Some of his early poems even had patriotic Catalan intentions. Guimerà protected his privacy, but his disputes and adaptation process in the country are known, and he agreed to express them in his poetic works. He also agreed to express the adjustment process in the country in his plays and poetry. This explains why we find a preference for marginalized characters.

Early Poetic Success

When Guimerà presented some of his poetical compositions in the Floral Games, he ended up becoming a master of the art, achieving a significant... Continue reading "Àngel Guimerà: Poet and Playwright of the Catalan Renaissance" »

Realism: A Literary Movement

Realism is a literary movement that triumphed in Europe by 1850 and aims to reflect contemporary reality.

Historical, Social, and Cultural Context in Spain

Key developments influencing Spanish Realism included:

• Consolidation of the bourgeoisie.
• Industrial development and the organization of the urban proletariat, which began claiming its rights.
• The Revolution of 1868, which dethroned Queen Elizabeth II and initiated a progressive stage.
• The Restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso XII in 1875.
• A cultural and ideological struggle between traditionalists (opposed to modern ideas) and progressives.
• The relatively late arrival of Realism in Spain due to slower economic and industrial development and the delayed emergence of

Narcís Oller: Catalan Realist Novelist and His Works

Major Works of Narcís Oller

Narcís Oller's literary output, while not extensive, includes six significant novels:

• The Butterfly (La Papallona, 1882): A novel where romantic elements predominate, earning it prestigious national and foreign acclaim. It is set within a master carpenter's milieu.
• L'Escanyapobres: Study of a Passion (1884): This work presents the moral degradation of a miserly man in a rural society undergoing transformation. Its characters personify the fierce resistance to the social and economic changes of the era.
• Villains (Vilaniu, 1885): A romantic novel describing the devastating consequences of libel for a family living in a provincial town.
• The Gold Rush (La Febre d'Or,