Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Arts and Humanities

Scientific Texts: Language and Characteristics

Scientific texts, including scientific writings and technical documents, aim to convey information about research, conclusions, or discoveries. They are characterized by two essential features:

• Universality: Science seeks to disseminate knowledge valid at all times and places. A discovery made in one location should apply everywhere. This necessitates the unification of scientific terminology and the creation of formal codes, avoiding ambiguities and ensuring objectivity.
• Objectivity: Facts and details are presented along with the circumstances in which they occur, without the author's personal assessment.

Grammatical Features

• Impersonal constructions
• Passive voice with auxiliary verbs
• Plural of modesty
• Noun

Areas of Community Social Work

Implementation and Development of Community Activity

In the field of implementation and development of community activity:

• Link to organizations and formal or informal leadership that exist within the community with the process of change.
• Train those involved, increasing their ability to act collectively and face challenges that are structural in nature and require community action to solve them.
• Establish a communication protocol that supports transparency of information, and disseminate the achievements and developments of the problems being addressed.
• Establish a gradual devolution of power in the community by promoting their self-organization and leadership development that allows for an increased role of the population.

Burgos Cathedral: Sarmental Door

The Sarmental door is a Gothic cover decorated with sculptures in high relief, attached with an exciting iconographic program. Made of stone, it presents a rich architectural framework. This cover is part of the south facade of the Burgos Cathedral. The surface texture is not visible, but all the sculptures face the viewer, displaying a clear hierarchy. Although the facade may have been polychrome, no color remains are visible.

Chronologically, the Sarmental door dates between 1230 and 1240. Burgos Cathedral is one of the Iberian Peninsula's cathedrals with undeniable French influence. Despite having a single nave, the beauty of the south transept facade is remarkable. The door contains the oldest Gothic sculpture... Continue reading "Burgos Cathedral: Sarmental Door, Gothic Sculpture & Iconography" »

Early 20th Century Spanish Theater Triumphs

98.el commercial theater triumphs in earlier decades. It still makes the works of Charles Arniches and Hnos. Álvarez Quintero, Madrid society idealized and Andalusian, proto defects reflect the strengths and typical of both regions.

Jacinto Benavente (Nobel Prize 1922)

His first stage involved the renovation break with the modernist tradition melodramatic, but soon gives way to success and high comedy. He manages to overcome the declamatory, grandiloquent tone with elegant language. In his work, vested interests introduce characters from Italian comedy and show a society based on a set of interests.

Miguel de Unamuno

His plays deal with symbolic existential conflict and lack of ornamentation and theatrical... Continue reading "Spanish Theater: Benavente, Unamuno, Azorín, Grau, Valle-Inclán" »

Lesson 4 - The Press

The press pursues two main objectives: to objectively inform about current events and other information, and to interpret. There are two types:

• Informative: Its purpose is to inform about related events.
• Interpretive: Analyzes facts and values them according to different viewpoints.

Types of Structure

• Inverted Pyramid Structure: Information follows the order of relevance.
• Narrative Structure: Presents the chronological order of events.
• Dialogue Structure: The text is organized based on the speaker.

The News: Six Basic Questions

Who, what, where, when, why, and how.

The Interview

A dialogue between a character and a prestigious journalist or current figure. There are two types:

• Personality Interview: Aims to delve into the personality

Mexico in the 1940s and 50s: A Nation in Transition

Mexico was undergoing significant changes after the revolution. While the country showed signs of development in population and production, the agricultural sector lagged. Land reform was delayed, increasing the marginalization of the dispossessed. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) held power. Mexican intellectuals held differing views: some believed the revolution had achieved its goals, while others felt it had failed or betrayed its ideals, advocating art as a form of critical expression.

Rulfo's Narrative: Reflecting the Mexican Experience

Juan Rulfo's narrative is characterized by its portrayal of the reality of the Mexican man, his concrete and existential struggles rooted in... Continue reading "Mexico's Transformation: Rulfo's Narrative of Revolution and Rural Life" »

General Characteristics

Cinquecento painters began to pay greater attention to content, translating it into visual forms. Grandeur and monumentality took precedence, mirroring trends in architecture and sculpture. Key features include:

• Compositional clarity in scenes
• Idealized female nude models
• Perfect and careful study of movement
• Soft intonation of colors

From the second third of the 16th century, Mannerism emerged as a prominent style.

Main Stages, Artists, and Works

High Renaissance

Leonardo da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci was a seeker of scientific knowledge. He was interested in the study of the human body to achieve perfect composition and connection between figures. His early paintings, linked to the Quattrocento (e.g., Annunciation), demonstrate... Continue reading "Cinquecento Painting: Characteristics, Stages, and Artists" »

Doctrinal Literature

Doctrinal literature expresses Christian ideas and their defense. It prioritizes the message and utilizes formal and rhetorical literary techniques.

Ramon Llull (1232-1316)

Contemplation on God (1274)

Written in Arabic, Catalan, and Latin, this encyclopedic work contains Llull's core thoughts. He sought a method to effectively communicate his ideas through an 'Art,' central to his system. This 'Art' evolved throughout his life.

The Book of the Order of Chivalry (1276)

Addressed to knights, this work encourages them to strengthen Christian values. It appeals to the feudal world, emphasizing the role of chivalry in defending order and the Church's interests.

Book of Felix or the Book of Wonders

This work is biographical, ideal, and... Continue reading "Ramon Llull's Doctrinal Literature: Christian Ideas and Defense" »

Introduction to Heraldry

Heraldry is both a science and a communication system. It uses a series of symbols, shapes, and colors that, when assembled according to specific rules and laws, create a "visual grammar." This grammar, when properly applied, defines a language: the language of Blazon. With this language, we can represent coats of arms or armories of families, lineages, institutions, kingdoms, and so on. To establish these armories and escutcheons, one must not only be proficient in drawing but also understand the laws and rules governing Blazon.

Key Terms in Heraldry

• Blazon: Designing weapons that can be found within the coat of arms.
• Blazon: The technique that allows us to describe a shield.
• Weapons: All those elements that are found within