The Victorian Era: History, Values, and Charles Dickens

Context: The Victorian Era

• This period was named after Queen Victoria, who reigned over Britain throughout this era.
• The Victorian Era lasted from 1837 to 1901.
• It was a time of significant reforms and social change driven by the Industrial Revolution. Under her rule, Britain became the world's largest empire.

Queen Victoria and Her Reign

• The Victorian Era marked the 63-year reign of Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901.
• Queen Victoria ascended the throne at age 18. She was the granddaughter of George III and succeeded to the throne following the death of her uncle, William IV.
• The era was defined by rapid industrialization and the expansion of the British Empire.

Victorian Values

• Economic Growth: The middle class grew wealthy through industry, leading to a rise in living standards.
• Domesticity: The home became a powerful symbol of aspiration for every citizen.
• Morality: Society emphasized Christian sexual restraint and strict behavioral expectations for ladies before marriage.
• Social Welfare: Workhouses were established for those unable to work, providing food and accommodation in exchange for labor.
• Education: Hundreds of schools opened following the Education Acts; "board" schools were established, and free, compulsory education was introduced.
• Religion: England remained a devoutly Christian country, with moral codes emphasizing faith, charity, and respect.

Charles Dickens

• Understanding Dickens' life is essential to appreciating his novels.
• At age 12, his father, John Dickens, was imprisoned for debt.
• To support his family, Charles was sent to work at a shoe polish factory, forcing him to leave school.
• The grueling work conditions and long hours he endured inspired his writing.
• Dickens wrote to educate readers about the suffering of the poor, aiming to force society to recognize the hardships faced by the impoverished.

Innovations and Key Events

• 1854: The Crimean War begins; France and Britain declare war on Russia.
• 1859: Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species, presenting his theory of natural selection and challenging the theory of creation.
• 1863: The London Underground, the world's first underground railway, opens.
• 1867: Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India.
• 1880: The Elementary Education Act makes school mandatory for children aged 5 to 10.