Understanding Sound: Definitions and Concepts

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Sound:

Pressure waves produced when an object vibrates at a frequency between 20 Hz and 20000 Hz and there is a material medium that sound can travel through.

Loudness:

How loud or soft a sound is; loudness is related to the amount of energy that reaches our ears per unit of time.

Pitch:

How high or low a sound is; pitch is related to the frequency of the vibration that produces the sound.

Timbre:

Quality of a sound that makes it different from other sounds of the same pitch and loudness; timbre is related to the shape of the sound wave.

Echo:

Reflection of sound from a surface that is more than 17 m away from the emitter.

Reverberation:

Reflection of sound on a surface that is less than 17 m away from the emitter.

Vibration:

Mechanical oscillation; movement of an object around a central position of equilibrium.

Oscillation:

Repeated variation around a central position of equilibrium, first in one direction and then in the other.

Compression:

Increase in air pressure that forms part of a sound wave.

Rarefaction:

Decrease in air pressure that forms part of a sound wave.

Electrical Impulse:

Signal carried by the nervous system.

Propagate:

Multiply or increase, spread to a larger area.

Disturbance:

Change in normal conditions.

Homogeneous:

Uniform in composition; all parts have the same properties.

Hearing Threshold:

Minimum loudness at which we can hear sounds.

Pain Threshold:

Loudness at which sound becomes intolerable for the listener.

Attenuate:

Decrease the intensity of something.

Pollution:

Contamination of the environment, often caused by human activity.

Silencer:

Part of a machine designed to muffle sound emissions.

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