Understanding Socialization: Processes, Mechanisms, and Human Behavior

The Process of Socialization

We live in society, and to do so, we must master a range of skills and knowledge. Whether sharing the same language, beliefs, or customs, the process of acquiring and assimilating these patterns is called socialization.

Definition of Socialization

Socialization is the learning process by which we integrate into the community of which we are a part. It consists of the acquisition and internalization of the principles, rules, and customs of the culture in which we live. This assimilation allows us to identify with our group and feel like true members. Through socialization, we acquire the knowledge and emotional links necessary for a full life. Furthermore, it models our behavior and personality; not only do we integrate into society, but we also form as individuals.

Secondary Socialization

Secondary socialization is not exclusive to a particular stage of life. Its features include:

• Readaptation: Adjusting to changing environments or new circumstances.
• Responsiveness: Addressing both affective and interest-based needs.
• Intentionality: It may occur knowingly and intentionally.
• Intensity: It is generally less intense than primary socialization and is easier if the primary stage was emotionally stable.

Examples of Secondary Socialization

• Realignment of conduct to the customs of a new school.
• Internalization of the peculiarities of a new community.
• Assimilation of the norms and values of a new environment.

Mechanisms

The mechanisms are the same as in primary socialization, though they involve more explicit communication and transmission.

Cooperation and Aggression

Aggression and Violence

Elements inherent in human nature: Thomas Hobbes believed that man is essentially selfish, seeking only his own benefit. According to this view, competition and rivalry are natural, while cooperation and solidarity arise later.

Sociological Darwinism

Just as individuals and species evolve, so do societies. One mechanism that promotes this progress is the struggle for survival; conflict is considered an essential mechanism for human progress.

External Factors

Violence and conflict in social life are not necessarily inherent to human nature. Humans are not aggressive and competitive by nature, but rather by necessity.

Social Harmony and Disharmony

Human beings live with two opposing tendencies: the inclination to coexist with others and the tendency toward confrontation. Every society experiences harmony caused by cooperation and disharmony caused by rivalry. The special character of the human being is essentially sociable; we need and want the company and recognition of others, yet we live in fear of being swallowed by society. This creates a need for individualization, privacy, and solitude.