Types of Words in Spanish: Grammar Rules and Examples

Types of Words

Types of words

Nouns: mesa, cajón, friendship.
Adjectives: describe the noun (cansado, handsome, pequeño).
Determiners: accompany the noun.
Articles: el, lo, la, los, las ...
Possessives: my, your, our ...
Numerals: 1, 3, 6 ...
Demonstratives: esta, esa, aquella, este, ese, aquel ...
Indefinites: some, few, several, muchas ...
Interrogatives / exclamatives: ¿Qué casa? ¡Qué casa!
Prepositions: a, ante, bajo, cabe, con, contra, de, desde, en, entre ...
Verbs: presente, pretérito imperfecto, futuro imperfecto ...
Conjunctions: y, e, ni, o, u, pero, más, aunque, but, porque, por eso, por lo tanto, aunque.
Adverbs: accompanying the verb. Place: más allá, cerca. Time: mañana, manner: rápidamente, affirmation / negation: sí, no, quantity: mucho, muy.
Interjections: ¡uy!, ¡ay!, ¡madre mía!
Syntax
Direct object (CD): ¿qué?, en la sopa. Indirect object (CI): a quién le lleva el producto a la persona o animal.
Attribute: a verb that is or seems difficult or appears to you as a quality.
Circumstantial complements: CC time: ¿cuándo? CC place: ¿dónde? CC manner: ¿cómo? CC company: ¿con quién? CC instrument: ¿con qué? CC quantity: ¿cuánto? CC cause: ¿por qué?
Predicative: responds to the question ¿cómo? For example: Juan llegó cansado.
Complement of régimen: Juan confía en la justicia, always accompanied by the preposition "en" and "de + participle".
Example: The book was valid. Student: note that the complement of the noun accompanies it.

Types of Words in Context

Types of words For example, substantive: María (subject) compra (verb) un (determiner) libro (nucleus) de aventuras (noun complement). Adjective complement: an adjective accompanying a noun, for example: María compra un par de zapatos azules "oscuros" (adjective complement). Apposition: a word or phrase that clarifies or renames another noun, mi primo, for example: María, Madrid, capital de España.

Elements of Communication

Elements of communication: Sender: who writes. Receiver: who receives. Channel: the medium through which we receive information (visual, auditory ...). Code: all signs and language, images. Message: what the sender wants to communicate. Context: the place where the receiver gets the information (classes, institute).

Verbal Periphrases

Modal periphrases: expressing necessity or obligation (tener que + infinitive), doubt or probability (deber de + infinitive), possibility (poder + infinitive), habitual (soler + infinitive).
Aspectual periphrases: Inchoative (ir a + infinitive, empezar a + infinitive): the action is about to begin. Ingressive (echar a + infinitive): the action starts at a moment. Durative (estar + gerund): the action is in progress. Resultative (llevar + participle, tener + participle): the action gives a result. Iterative (volver a + infinitive): the action is repeated periodically.

Text Commentary

Theme: the single main idea of the text.
Summary: a reduction of the text (one quarter), using key words, without the macrostructure, organizing the main ideas by paragraph and enumerating the main points.
Thesis: the central claim the author defends in the text.
Structure: arguments, framework, or synthesis (preferably by the place where it appears).
Linguistic functions in the text: referential (reports), expressive (gives opinion), appellative (calls attention), phatic (maintains communication), poetic (embellishes the text), metalinguistic (speaks about language itself).
Deixis: personal (I, me, us), social (social class, drug addicts, young people), spatial (here, there), temporal (today, yesterday, tomorrow).
Sentence forms: exclamatory, imperative (commands), interrogative, hesitant (doubts), optative (wishes).
Lexical elements: the words with the most value in the text (nouns, adjectives, adverbs).
Rhetorical figures: irony, metaphor, hyperbole ...
Types of arguments: data, personal, authority, health, morals, ethics, social ...
Syntactic cohesion mechanisms:
Enumeration connectors (serve to order speech: first, second, finally).
Reformulation connectors (serve to summarize or rephrase: in short, in other words).
Rectification connectors (serve to correct what was expressed: on the contrary, instead).
Cause or consequence connectors (relate events to their motives or repercussions: therefore, thus).
Opposition connectors (serve to contrast ideas: however, nevertheless).
Connectors of assessment (allow opinion or evaluation: in my view, in my opinion).
Connectors of addition (allow adding information: also, too).
Connectors of exemplification (the text illustrates the content by example: for example, specifically).
Semantic cohesion mechanisms: synonymy (words with the same meaning), antonymy (words with opposite meaning), hyponymy (hyponym of a pink flower), hyperonymy (flower is the hyperonym of pink), anaphora (references to earlier elements), cataphora (references to later elements).
Register: formal, standard (meets the norms of the RAE), colloquial (uses expressions from everyday speech).
Text typology and genre: expository-argumentative (information + opinion), narrative (account of events), descriptive (gives details of something), dialogue (conversation, interview).
Scope of use: journalistic, scientific, legal, administrative, literary.
Purpose of the text: to inform (if expository), to critique and convince (if argumentative).
Critical appraisal: consider the social context of the text, whether the author provides reviews or guides, and if they convincingly argue their claims. If the text treats the topic in depth, it is advisable to recommend related texts or books when the discourse remains consistent on the same topic, and the linguistic register facilitates comprehension.
Personal reviews: the text's relevance to our social environment and our own opinions on it.