Systems Theory: Types, Synergy, Software & Hardware

System Concept

System concept: A system is a set of independent and interacting elements; it is a combined group of units forming an organized whole, and the result is greater than the result the units could have if they functioned independently.

Examples

• Human elements: organs, limbs, etc.
• Molecules within cells; cells into tissues; tissues into organs; organs within individuals; persons within units.

Systems theory arose from work done in biology. The original theory states that system properties cannot be described significantly in terms of their separate elements. Each system exchanges matter, energy, or information with other systems, making transactions with the external environment.

Classification of Systems

Depending on Origin

• Natural systems: found directly in nature (plants, solar system, etc.).
• Man-made systems: created by humans (transportation, computers, etc.).

Based on Level of Complexity

• Simple: uses few components and interactions (bicycle, pencil).
• Complex: large number of processes, interactions, and numerous intermediate processes (human body, computer).

According to Degree of Interaction with the Environment

• Open systems: interact with the environment (e.g., computer with mouse, keyboard, microphone).
• Closed systems: minimal or no interaction (e.g., a sealed wall or clock mechanism).

Computerization

• Computerized systems: controlled by one or more computers using hardware, software, and data (e.g., supermarket with electronic checkout, restaurants using PC-based ordering).
• Non-computerized systems: do not use computers; they operate with paper files and manual data management.

Synergy

Synergy: the integration of systems forming a new object. Coordinated action of two or more parts whose combined effect is greater than the sum of individual effects. Examples: cars, planes, businesses.

Software

Software: all programs and data required to perform specific tasks on a computer.

Software Application

Software application: for example, a word processor that performs tasks related to editing.

Software System

Software system: the operating system that allows other programs to function properly, facilitating interaction with physical components and other applications.

Hardware

Hardware: all physical, tangible parts of a computer: electrical, electronic, electromechanical, and mechanical components; cables; chassis; and any other physical elements.