The Second Spanish Republic: A Historical Analysis

Historical Background

The first elections, called by Admiral Aznar, were the municipal elections of April 12th. From the outset, these were considered a barometer for measuring the power balance between monarchists and republicans. The election results indicated that a return to the old Restoration system was no longer viable. Republican candidates achieved significant success. This victory for the republicans was undeniable and demonstrated the profound shift in the political preferences of the Spanish people.

The Proclamation of the Republic

On April 13th, widespread demonstrations in support of the republic took place. Alfonso XIII decided to abdicate and leave Spain. A provisional government, headed by Alcalá-Zamora, was hastily established, and the republic was proclaimed.

The Provisional Government

The government formed on April 14th aimed to reflect the political trends established in San Sebastian. Alcalá-Zamora became the President of the Republic, with Azaña leading the government. Lerroux represented the Radical Party, and Caballero represented the Socialists. The provisional government called for elections to the Constituent Cortes, which resulted in a majority for Republicans, center-left, left-wing, and socialist parties. A coalition government was formed, ratifying Alcalá-Zamora as President. This regime change signified the transfer of power from the landed aristocracy and gentry to the middle classes, the intelligentsia, and labor sectors.

The Constitution of 1931

One of the primary goals was to develop a constitution that enjoyed broad support. Its main features were its democratic character, its progressive nature, and its strong social content.

• The form of state caused a strong debate. The Catalan Statute of Autonomy was approved.
• Spain was defined as a democratic republic of workers of all classes and declared the state's non-denominational status. This provoked strong confrontations, even the burning of convents.
• The rights and duties of the Spanish people were enshrined. There was strong debate about the abolition of the death penalty. Private property was subject to expropriation. Voting rights were also granted to women.
• The constitution was one of the most modern of its time. Members were committed to guaranteeing individual rights.
• Article 26, which regulated relations with the Church, was the most controversial. It was the first time a Spanish state was proclaimed secular. It banned religious education, cancelled the state's economic contribution to the clergy, and expelled the Jesuits, leading to decreased support for the republic.