Spanish Realism: 19th Century Literature and Society

Historical Context of Realism

Realism was caused by the significant social and economic changes of the nineteenth century. The bourgeoisie consolidated its position as the dominant social class, while workers organized to demand better social and working conditions. Realist authors were heavily influenced by empiricism and positivism, which defended the knowledge of reality through direct observation. Realists conceived the novel as the most appropriate genre for their purposes because it could represent society truthfully. This social situation also gave rise to Marxism, a movement created by the philosopher Karl Marx, who sought to end social inequality.

The Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

The social and economic changes produced by the Industrial Revolution marked the second half of the nineteenth century throughout Europe. In Spain, this period began with the reign of Elizabeth II. In 1868, a progressive revolution known as La Gloriosa forced the royal family into exile. This opened the Revolutionary Sexenio, during which the First Republic was proclaimed. In 1875, the Bourbon monarchy was restored under Alfonso XII, beginning a new era known as the Restoration.

Characteristics of Realistic Literature

Realistic literature is based on the observation of reality and its detailed, faithful representation. It is a literary movement that seeks to reflect the society of the time in great detail. The novel serves as the primary genre of this movement.

Key Characteristics

• Interest in reality: Focus on social issues and everyday life.
• Omniscient Narrator: A narrator who knows everything about the characters and plot.
• Importance of description: Detailed accounts of settings and individuals.
• Recreation of speech: Capturing the authentic way characters speak.

Leading Authors of Spanish Realism

Benito Pérez Galdós (1843–1920)

Galdós was the greatest 19th-century Spanish novelist and one of the most significant after Cervantes. Born in Las Palmas, he lived in Madrid most of his life. He was a progressive liberal who also served as a deputy. His work is categorized into different stages:

Thesis Novels

In these works, Galdós expresses his ideas through liberal and conservative characters. They often include figures representing reactionary intolerance, bigotry, and dogmatism. Examples include Gloria and Doña Perfecta.

Contemporary Novels

These are set in the harsh reality of Madrid, focusing on social classes, misery, and begging. Notable examples include Tormento, La desheredada, and Fortunata y Jacinta.

Other Notable Authors

Other significant authors of the Realist movement include Juan Valera and José María de Pereda.