Spain's Transition to Democracy: Key Events & Political Shifts

Classified in History

Written at on English with a size of 3.4 KB.

Spain's Transition to Democracy

Introduction: The transition period in Spain's history began with Franco's death in 1975. The electoral victory of the PSOE marked a move towards a fully democratic society. A key feature of this period was the political groups' commitment to "consensus."

Arias Navarro's Government

Following Franco's rules, Juan Carlos de Borbon swore allegiance to the principles of the National Movement. Arias Carlos Navarro was confirmed as prime minister and appointed a cabinet to give an appearance of openness. However, these months were marked by great conflict. The Arias government responded with harsh repression, while the Platajunta called for amnesty, freedom of political association, general elections, and a constitutional process.

Suárez's Political Reform

Adolfo Suárez's appointment surprised many. His willingness and ability were crucial to the transition. Suárez sent his political reform bill to court, which was approved in October 1976. This paved the way for the legalization of political parties, though initially excluding the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). The acceptance of this program has been described as the self-liquidation of the Franco regime. The legalization of the PCE, despite rejection from Franco's right wing and the military, was essential for Spain to become a democratic country.

The Constituent Assembly

The first elections to the Constituent Cortes saw the rise of parties like the Union of Democratic Center (UCD) and the People's Alliance (AP). After a campaign filled with posters and propaganda, the UCD, presenting itself as a center party, won. The PSOE, led by Felipe Gonzalez, also gained significant support. The PCE and AP flanked the two main parties on the left and right, respectively. The far right did not win any seats. Suárez's government, lacking an absolute majority, faced a difficult period. The economic crisis worsened, with inflation causing social unrest. Nationalist movements lobbied the central government, and declining investment led to job losses. The Moncloa Pacts, based on consultation, aimed to stabilize the economy and consolidate the democratic system.

Rise and Fall of the Democratic Centre Union

New general elections were called. The UCD remained the largest party, while the PSOE consolidated its position, and the PCE maintained its support. In 1979, the first municipal elections were held, and the Statutes of Autonomy for Catalonia and the Basque Country were approved. The economic situation continued to deteriorate, with rising inflation and job losses. Extreme right-wing conspiracies and military plots, such as "Operation Galaxy," developed. This led to Suárez's resignation in January 1981.

The Attempted Coup of 23-F

On February 23, civil guards stormed the Congress, forcing deputies to obey. Tejero announced they were awaiting orders for a "military course." Meanwhile, Captain General Milans del Bosch deployed tanks in Valencia, and there was an attempt to take over Spanish Radio and Television in Madrid. The Navy also played a role in preparing the coup. The King's firm stance forced the surrender of the assailants. The people demonstrated their determination to maintain the democratic system. The landslide victory of the Socialists in the October 1982 elections marked the beginning of a new stage of "democratic normalcy" for Spain.

Entradas relacionadas: