Spain's Military Directory (1923-1925) and Civil Directory

Military Directory (1923–1925)

The Military Directory (1923–1925) was established as an interim regime intended to resolve existing problems and propose solutions. It aimed to regenerate political life and end the initial stages of caciquismo (local political bossism). The regime was supposed to dismantle democratic institutions. The dictator ruled by decree, eliminated political parties, and created the Patriotic Union to address public order issues by militarizing the state. Anarchists and communists were persecuted.

Key Actions and Foreign Policy

The immediate challenge was Morocco. The dictator took personal command of the landing at Al Hoceima. This led to a policy with France that resulted in the surrender of Abd el Krim and the effective occupation of the protectorate.

Civil Directory (1925 Onward)

The Civil Directory focused on institutionalizing the regime, paying close attention to social and economic advisory matters. It created the National Assembly, which drafted a constitution that was put to a plebiscite.

Economic Policy

The economy experienced a favorable situation in the initial years. Private investment and the diffusion of electricity were favored. Many monopolies were created, and public works were promoted, although this also resulted in a huge state debt.

Social and Economic Concerns

The crisis of 1929 began to be felt, causing social worries. To eliminate conflicts, joint committees composed of an equal number of employers and workers were created. The UGT accepted these measures, but the CNT did not.

The End of the Regime

Ultimately, the King lost confidence in the Directory and went into exile in Paris. This event led to the return of republican opposition. The opposition gathered for the signing of the Pact of San Sebastian to organize a broad political platform that would destroy the monarchy. The failure of the Directory led to elections that effectively became a plebiscite against the monarchy. The monarchy could not be considered in isolation from the rest of Europe.

Context: European Instability

The presence of violence and radicalism was widespread across Europe due to social differences and the post-war liberal-oligarchic system crisis.

Political Structure and Caciquismo

• Liberal-Oligarchy: This system was based on an agreement among political and social elites, formed by the leaders of both major parties.
• Caciquismo: This system favored the imposition of deputies by the central administration, who often neglected their constituents. Corruption became standard practice.