Spain Under Franco: From Dictatorship to Transition

Spain Under Franco's Rule: Transformation and Transition

1. Repression and Ideology (1939-1975)

Franco's dictatorship repressed Marxism, communism, and liberal democratic institutions. It drew support from nationalism and Catholicism, particularly from the military and clergy. The regime's foundations were authoritarian monarchy and corporatism, with supporters including the Falange, Carlists, Alfonsinos Monarchists, Opus Dei (technocrats), and ACNP.

2. Collaboration and Shifting Alliances

2.1 Axis Collaboration (1939-1941)

Initially neutral in World War II, Spain under Franco met with Hitler in 1941 and sent the Blue Division to Germany. This period saw modest economic recovery.

2.2 Allied Collaboration (1942-1957)

With the Cold War's onset and Spain's strategic location, a pact with the U.S. was formed, marked by Eisenhower's visit. This led to Spain's re-entry into the international community. A referendum law and succession plan were also established.

3. Economic Evolution (1939-1975)

3.1 Post-War Economy (1939-1951)

Post-war Spain, facing international isolation, pursued self-sufficiency through production controls and rationing. This led to a black market. Simultaneously, major industrialization efforts were undertaken (CAMPSA, Telefónica, Endesa, SEAT, INI).

3.2 Technocrats and Reform (1957-1973)

By 1957, technocrats filled ministerial positions, leading to more progressive laws, including relaxed press censorship. The Matesa scandal, involving numerous ministers, emerged during this period. The pre-transition era saw significant economic improvement, driven by tourism, construction, and foreign income. The General Education Law expanded access to higher education, coinciding with the baby boom and the resurgence of unions.

4. The Beginning of Transition (1973-1975)

The 1973 economic crisis, ETA's assassination of Prime Minister Carrero Blanco, and Franco's declining health marked a turning point. Carrero Blanco was replaced by Arias Navarro. In 1975, during Franco's final months, Hassan II of Morocco initiated the Green March, prompting a Spanish response.