Romanesque Art and Architecture in Medieval Europe

**Romanesque Art**

And Characteristics of the Upper Romanesque Art

Western medieval Europe was the first international art. Christianity and the island were created, and the eleventh and twelfth centuries developed. After the thirteenth century, Gothic art was rejected. Byzantine and Muslim influence will be. Its name comes from the Roman, in principle, the Romans had the forms and techniques have been times since the first and the other Romance languages.

At that point, the highest stability of feudalism and social hierarchy of the Church leadership in general and the theocentrism. Religion did the economic power of the Clergy and the only class to learn the art of using these low channels were illiterate. So was the Feudal and monastic art. Curator, and was not intended to drive due to the aesthetic but religious teaching, it was utilitarian. Thus, simple forms and will be until elitist.

**Development**

Thanks for spreading the pilgrimage church of Art. It seems that the home was in northern Italy have been more or less than the end of the 10th century. This is known as the First and Lombardy Romanesque style, it extends to Catalonia to the south of France. Construction of the monastery and the church is small, humble materials and a few sculptures.

**Full Romanesque**

Throughout the 11th century, in addition to the influence of Lombardy, in northern and eastern elements. The monks of Cluny were the main driving force. For this reason, known as the Roman Cluny 11th-century art. Construction and consolidation of systems is the integration of sculpture. Pilgrimage routes are open around the buildings, especially on the road to Santiago. This style was a relatively unified. But in general this style also has a common basis, each country has developed some unique characteristics.

**Developed Romanesque**

Developed up in the late nineteenth century. Changes in the socio-economic importance, the creation and development of cities. Art integrated into cities and reach the moment of the highest criteria for synthetic. Romanesque architecture Romanesque cathedral built in cities in general and to the development of a baroque.

Romanesque in the 12th century following the construction of the style elements that are already advanced, the Gothic, pointed arches and vaults, such as ribbed vaults.

**ARCHITECTURE**

**Features**

Architecture is a religious, church-oriented service. Churches and monasteries are the essentials. In addition, each country has some features common principles. Mass dominance is over, and the small window just in, creating a dark building. Romanesque art is a key sector.

• The material is stone, especially in small churches masonry is used because there is less money. Important buildings of stalls.
• Given the importance of walls, the supporters will also support the strength of these, so it is important that the role of buttresses. In addition to the pillars of a column will have a decorative function.
• Sustentatuetan will be arch, arch, vault and barrel vaults. The dome also will be on the horn or pendentive.
• Openings will not be important, generally will be long and narrow, the walls were thick. In some cases, and many are duplicates or geminated and splayed.
• Doors will be important, it will be attractive to the inside. Semicircular and usually have different parts: archivolts, lintels, door-leg, or parteluz mainel; pantocrator here and the tympanum, and tetramorphs shell.
• Upgrade the main grandstand side vessel called the weight of 2 is in the tower and there is usually some belfry instead. The central nave is higher than the side.
• The plan was to be around the normal Latin cross, and the Basilica are also centralized plan. Parts are usually always the same: part of the longitudinal, transept, cross; crossing tower, apse, the side of buildings (or part of the longitudinal transept), the tower.
• Relief decorations are usually outside or chambranle style columns. Geometric topics, checkered, notes, besantes, Zig-zag, saw teeth, pegs... vegetable, animal and monster... corbels for fresh paint to give it.

**Building the Most Important Pilgrimage Churches**

Pilgrimage churches of Romanesque architecture, reflecting the highest moment. Were some common features: a Latin cross plan, an ambulatory, apse, corridor or gallery, grandstand, the central nave and side ribbed barrel vault vaults generally, the high tower.