Rise of Monarchies and Medieval Parliaments

Consolidation of the Monarchy

From the 12th century onwards, the power of monarchs was strengthened and their territories were expanded. As the economy improved, kings and queens collected more wealth through increased taxes. Thanks to this revenue, they established standing troops and ensured the obedience of feudal lords through force or strategic agreements. (Not included) To solidify the administration of the kingdom, monarchs utilized experts and lawyers trained in Roman Law at the most important universities. These legal experts promoted the idea that monarchs held greater authority than traditional law allowed, as they provided more power to the queens and kings. This legal framework combined elements of traditional Roman and Germanic traditions.

Strengthening Administration and Urban Alliances

(Not included) Monarchs also leveraged the growing power of urban centers to diminish the influence of the nobility. By granting privileges and letters of freedom to cities, they helped inhabitants escape feudal dependencies. In return, city dwellers supported the monarchs in their struggle against feudal lords.

The Creation of Medieval Parliaments

At the end of the 12th century, European Parliaments and Royal Courts began to emerge. It is important to note the vast differences between these early assemblies and modern parliaments. (Not included) In the Middle Ages, representation in Parliament was limited to specific social classes:

• Kings and Queens
• The Nobility
• The Clergy
• City Governors

These assemblies were primarily summoned to assist the monarchs in reducing the power of the nobility and securing financial or political support.