The Rise of Liberalism in Spain: From Absolute Monarchy to Parliamentary Rule
Classified in History
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Charles III Ruled in Spain Until His Death
Ancien Régime: Political, Social, and Economic Characteristics of the States Before the French and Industrial Revolutions (Late Eighteenth Century)
King = Ruler (executive, legislative, judicial)
- Absolute Monarchy: Concentration of powers, the king is the law and sovereignty of divine origin, subjects with no rights or freedoms.
- Stratified Society: Legal inequality, privileges by birth, privileged classes (nobility, clergy), non-privileged estates (Third Estate).
- Agricultural Sector: Land is the primary source of wealth and power. Nobility is honorable (economic and political power). The Third Estate has no privileges (peasantry, bourgeoisie).
- Business: The secondary source of wealth. The bourgeoisie has economic power without political power.
Liberal State: Political Structure, Social, and Economic Characteristics of the States After the French and Industrial Revolutions
- Parliamentary Monarchy: Division of powers, constitution (the law is king), national sovereignty, citizens (census suffrage).
- Class Society: Legal equality, individual freedom, rights, and freedoms.
- Industrial Economics: Industry is the primary source of wealth, economic liberalism, private property. The bourgeoisie has economic and political power.
Sovereign Nation (Executive Power: Government, Legislative Branch: Courts (MPs), Judiciary: Judges)
Nation: Body of citizen members with restricted voting rights (census suffrage "Voting rights in respect of men over 25 years, with a certain income level")
People: Body of citizen members with universal voting rights ("universal suffrage" Voting rights in respect of men and women over 25 years, expanded to 21 and 18 years)
Sovereignty: Source of legitimate political power.
The First Rise of Liberalism in Spain: Challenges
- War of Independence (1808-1814): The transition to a Liberal State occurred simultaneously with the war against Napoleon.
- Ideological Diversity: Absolutists, liberal Carlists, moderates, etc.
- Military Pronouncements: Military coups to bring about changes of government via weapons instead of the ballot box.