The Rise and History of the Inca Civilization

The Incas

The region where the Incas developed featured high mountains rising from the sea, deserted coastlines, coastal waters rich in fish, a lack of rainfall, well-preserved arid soil, and short rivers flowing from high snowfields. Although there was little arable land, certain valleys supported a wide variety of crops. The lower lands were used to grow maize, while higher lands were used to raise llamas and alpacas for meat and wool.

Origins and Early Development

The origins of the Incas date back to 2500 BCE. The life of Archaic Peruvians developed along the coast, where they fished, gathered food, and cultivated squash and lima beans. Following a long period of simple living, a strong cultural advancement began. Between 900 and 500 BCE, a distinctive art style known as Chavín emerged. Additionally, due to population pressure, the cultivation of maize became more widespread.

Agricultural and Cultural Progress

The Peruvian people made significant progress in agriculture, utilizing irrigation and fertilization techniques. The Nazca culture flourished during this period, known for its beautiful pottery and textiles. Even more remarkable was the Mochica culture, which developed a complex, highly stratified society and constructed temples, roads, and large irrigation canals. They excelled in metallurgy and produced highly realistic pottery. Eventually, the Mochica were conquered by invaders, leading to a period of cultural decline in northern Peru.

Shift to the Highlands

Around 600 CE, the focus of Andean civilization shifted from the coasts to the highlands. At a site called Tiahuanaco in Bolivia, great architecture arose. The Tiahuanaco and the Huari people gained control over southern Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, though their dominance ended around 1000 CE.

Postclassic States

By 1000 CE, several Postclassic states had emerged, the largest being the Chimu kingdom. Its capital, Chanchan, was an immense city covering eight square miles.

Inca Economy and Society

The Incas were one of several small tribes that inhabited the Cuzco region in the Andean highlands, competing for land and water. Their imperial expansion began in the second quarter of the fifteenth century, during the reign of Pachacuti Inca.