Revolutions and Restorations: A Historical Overview
Classified in History
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The 1905 Revolution
In January 1905, industrial workers in St. Petersburg peacefully marched on the Winter Palace, the Tsar's residence, to request improvements in working conditions and political reform. The protesters were brutally suppressed, and the protest became known as "Bloody Sunday."
The 1917 Revolutions
In 1917, a revolution took place in two phases: the liberal-bourgeois revolution in February and the socialist-proletarian revolution in October.
The February Revolution: The Provisional Government
In February 1917, there was a successful revolution of workers in Petrograd (previously called St. Petersburg), supported by soldiers and peasants. They protested the disasters of the war and the shortage of food and demanded Russia's withdrawal from the war.
The October Revolution: The Bolshevik Government
In the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks, organized into Soviets and led by Lenin and Trotsky, attacked the Winter Palace in Petrograd, the seat of the Provisional Government. They established a new proletarian government called the Council of People's Commissars. Lenin became Russia's leader, and when he died in 1924, Stalin succeeded him.
The Bourbon Restoration
The First Spanish Republic ended in December 1874 after a military uprising that proclaimed Alfonso XII King of Spain. The politician Canovas del Castillo was behind the Bourbon Restoration, who re-established a constitutional monarchy.
The Reign of Alfonso XIII (1902-1931)
When Alfonso XIII became King in 1902, he faced a series of problems that eventually led to the end of the constitutional monarchy established by his father, Alfonso XII.
The Occupation and Administration of the Colonies
During the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, colonization by European powers, except in America, was limited to exchanging goods with the indigenous population. However, during the Age of Imperialism (1870-1914), the colonizing powers wanted complete political, economic, and territorial control of their colonies.