The Restoration Era: Political Stability and Turnismo

The Mechanics of Electoral Control

The Government, through the Civil Governor, ensured candidate success during elections by mobilizing supporters to secure maximum votes. They frequently pressured voters and local officials to distort results and manipulate vote counts to favor government-backed candidates. This system reinforced the role of local political chiefs, who functioned as a parallel power to the state, often replacing it in rural areas where the population was demobilized and apolitical. Conversely, in urban areas with educated publics and greater political pluralism, these processes were more difficult, allowing parties outside the system—such as Republicans, Carlists, and regionalists—to secure seats.

Core Tenets of Cánovas' Political Thought

• Conservatism: Defense of freedom compatible with order.
• Monarchy: Unwavering loyalty to the crown.
• Anti-Democracy: Rejection of democratic ideals, egalitarianism, and socialism.
• Middle-Class Values: Emphasis on stability and political pragmatism.
• Military Neutrality: Preventing military intervention in politics.

The Constitution of 1876

The 1876 Constitution was established under the reign of Alfonso XII, marking a new era of governance.

The System of Turnismo

The Turnismo system relied on the peaceful alternation of the two great dynastic parties to ensure national stability and keep radical forces outside the government. Governments were typically formed before elections or changed following a political crisis.

Key Historical Milestones

End of the Third Carlist War (1876)

This conflict saw the end of the fueros (charters) and Basque institutions, which fueled nascent nationalism. However, fiscal autonomy was maintained through economic agreements and General Meetings.

End of the Cuban War (1878)

Following the Peace of Zanjón, Cuba became a Spanish province with representation in the Cortes. Black slaves who fought in the war were freed, leading to the eventual abolition of slavery and the granting of amnesty.

Chronology of the Restoration

Reign of Alfonso XII (1874–1885)

• Cánovas Government: 1875–1880
• Beginning of Turnismo Político: 1881–1884
• Death of Alfonso XII: 1885

Regency of Maria Cristina (1885–1902)

• Pact of El Pardo: 1885
• Long Liberal Governments and Reformism: 1885–1890
• Maintenance of Turnismo: 1890