Research Methodology: Sampling, Data Collection, and Analysis
Classified in Mathematics
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Research Concepts and Terminologies
- Element: The basic unit of the population.
- Population: The entire group of interest.
- Study Population: The specific subset being studied.
- Sample: A subset of the population.
- Sampling Unit: The individual entity selected.
- Sampling Frame: The list of all units in the population.
- Observation Units: The units from which data is collected.
- Variable: A characteristic that varies.
- Parameter: A numerical characteristic of a population.
- Statistics: Numerical characteristics of a sample.
- Sampling Error: The difference between sample and population values.
Sampling Procedures
Non-Probability Sampling
- Accidental Sampling
- Quota Sampling
- Convenience Sampling
- Purposive Sampling
Probability Sampling
- Random Sampling
- Systematic Sampling
- Stratified Sampling
- Cluster Sampling
Research Methodology and Instruments
- Method of research used
- Sampling design
- Statistical treatment
- Development of research instruments
- Validation of instruments
- Editing and revising instruments
- Finalization of instruments
- Distribution of instruments
- Retrieval of instruments
Data Visualization and Graphic Presentation
Purpose: To present changes and relationships in data.
- Bar Graphs: Used for comparing magnitudes.
- Grouped Bar Graphs: Used for comparing two or more categories.
- Bilateral Bar Graphs: Used for profits, assets, and positive numbers.
- Subdivided Bar Graphs: Used to show variations of components.
- Histograms: Used for class frequency distributions.
- Time Series Linear Charts: Used for comparing categories of the same variable.
- Frequency Polygons: Used to graph grouped frequency distributions.
- Ogive: Used to graph cumulative frequencies.
- 100% Bar Graph: Vertical bars where the total height equals 100%.
- Pie Chart: Functions similarly to rectangular charts.
Additional Chart Types
- Single vertical/horizontal bar graph
- Multiple/composite bar graph
- Component bar graph
- Band chart
- Rectangular bar graph
- Pictogram
- Statistical maps
- Ratio charts
- Chronological line chart
- Composite line chart