Renaissance Art and Humanism: Historical Foundations

Renaissance Art

A period during the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries characterized by a revival in classical learning and an increase in secular values.

Humanism

An intellectual movement during the 15th century focused on developing the full potential of men. Its effect was to inspire individuals to abandon the traditional values of the medieval period and bring about new thoughts and creations. Human nature is the primary study, emphasizing the dignity of man and his potential.

Historical Context

• New Monarchies: The 15th and 16th centuries saw the declining influence of the church in the political affairs of Europe, the decline of feudalism, and the rise of the middle class.
  • Louis XI of France established an annual tax for land.
  • Henry VII of England abolished private armies.
  • Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon, merging two of the strongest kingdoms of Spain.
• Economy: The rise of the economy was significant.
  • Hanseatic League: A group of German merchants that joined together to protect their trading interests.
  • Venice: Regulated East/West trade; Venetian ships were protected by the government.
  • Banking: Kings and small rulers began to loan money, which was a very risky business.
• Printing, Thought, and Literature: While many versions of language existed, Latin remained the most common for educated men. Notable writers include:
  • Dante Alighieri: Divine Comedy.
  • Petrarch: Known for his sonnets of love.
  • Erasmus: Reflects the humanist desire to draw on all wisdom to create his works.
  • Machiavelli: Brings to issue the ethics of politicians.
  • Chaucer: Tells the stories of people traveling.

Italian Renaissance

The Renaissance began in Italy and was centered in Florence.

Frescoes

Paintings done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paint (e.g., the Sistine Chapel). Artists were patronized by religious leaders of the time, so the main characteristic is religious topics.

Florence and the Medici

The most important city-state was Florence, home to the Medici family, the most powerful bankers in Europe. The Medici used their wealth to commission art of themselves.

Architecture

Filippo Brunelleschi was an architect who built the dome of the Florence Cathedral (Il Duomo). This dome inspired modern building designs, including the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C.