Raw Materials, Natural Resources, and Industrial Evolution
Classified in Geology
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Raw Materials
Raw materials are categorized by their origin:
- Animal Origin: Farming, leather, wool, fish, and food preservation.
- Vegetal Origin: Cotton, wood, and rubber.
- Mineral Origin:
- Metallic: Hematite (iron), bauxite (aluminum), gold, and silver.
- Non-Metallic: Salt, sulfur, granite, slate, and marble.
Mining Methods
- Surface Mining: Uses large machinery on the surface.
- Underground Mining: More expensive and dangerous; involves shafts, tunnels, or galleries, requiring water drainage and air ventilation.
Natural Resources
Natural resources are materials available in nature, such as air, water, sunlight, soil, minerals, forests, and wildlife.
1. Renewable Resources
Resources that can be replenished in a short period:
- Solar: Energy from the sun.
- Wind: Energy from wind currents.
- Hydroelectric: Energy from flowing water.
- Geothermal: Energy from the Earth's heat.
- Biomass: Energy from burning organic matter.
- Tidal Power: Energy from sea tides.
2. Non-Renewable Resources
Resources that cannot be replenished quickly as they take millions of years to form (e.g., fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas).
Nuclear Power
Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy. It is considered a non-renewable resource because uranium supplies are finite.
The Industry
Industry is the production of economic goods or services.
How Coal is Made
- Before the dinosaurs, giant plants died in swamps.
- Over millions of years, plants were buried under water and dirt.
- Heat and pressure turned the dead plants into coal.
| Craftsmanship | Origins of Industrialization | Current Industry |
|---|---|---|
| Middle Ages | 17th Century | 20th-21st Century |
| Workshop | Factory | Factory |
| Manual labor | Low salary, machine-based manufacturing, water/coal energy | Automation, workforce reduction |
| High price | Increasing productivity | Diversity of products |
| Unique product | Assembly line | Technology |
Economic Sectors
Industry is classified into three sectors:
- Primary: Extractive.
- Secondary: Manufacturing.
- Tertiary: Service.
How Oil and Gas are Made
- Tiny sea plants and animals died and were buried on the ocean floor.
- Over time, they were covered by layers of silt and sand.
- Over millions of years, the remains were buried deep; enormous heat and pressure turned them into oil and gas.
- Today, we drill through rock to reach formations containing oil and gas deposits.