Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure and Theory
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Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria
- Bacteria capsule: The outer jelly-like layer.
- Bacteria wall: The rigid structure that maintains cell shape.
- Fimbriae: Multiple short appendages used to attach to surfaces.
- Flagellum: A long appendage used for movement.
- Plasmid: A small ring of DNA.
- Ribosomes: Organelles that synthesize proteins.
- Nucleoid: The area where genetic material is concentrated.
- Cell membrane: A selective barrier.
- Cytoplasm: Everything inside the cell excluding the nucleus.
Eukaryotic Cells: Animal Cells
- Mitochondrion: Produces energy for the cell.
- Cell membrane: A selective barrier.
- Cytoplasm: Everything inside the cell excluding the nucleus.
- Nucleus: The site where ribosomes are made.
- Cytoskeleton: A network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomes: Particles without a membrane.
- Rough ER: Synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids.
- Golgi apparatus: Transports material within the cell.
- Lysosomes: Responsible for cellular digestion.
- Centrioles: Two hollow cylinders formed by protein filaments.
- Cilia and Flagellum: Cylindrical structures used for movement.
Eukaryotic Cells: Plant Cells
- Cell membrane: A selective barrier.
- Cytoplasm: Everything inside the cell excluding the nucleus.
- Cytoskeleton: A network of protein filaments in the cytoplasm.
- Ribosomes: Particles without a membrane.
- Nucleus: The site where ribosomes are made.
- Rough ER: Synthesizes proteins.
- Smooth ER: Synthesizes lipids.
- Golgi apparatus: Transports material within the cell.
- Lysosomes: Responsible for cellular digestion.
- Mitochondrion: Produces energy for the cell.
- Cell wall: An outer cover that surrounds the cell membrane.
- Vacuoles: Enclosed organelles surrounded by a single membrane.
- Chloroplasts: Contain a double membrane and chlorophyll.
Cell Theory
- Unit of life: All living things are made up of cells.
- Physiological unit: All cells perform the three life processes.
- Unit of origin: All cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Genetic unit: All cells contain the genetic information needed to regulate cellular functions.
Cell Theory Timeline
- 1590: First microscope with several lenses developed.
- 1610: Galileo Galilei invented a compound microscope.
- 1665: Robert Hooke proposed the term "cell."
- 1674: Leeuwenhoek built a simple microscope and discovered "small animals."
- 1838-1839: Schwann proposed the cell theory.
- 1855: Virchow established that cells reproduce.