Polyatomic Ions, Naming Acids, Metric Conversions, Atomic Structure

Polyatomic Ions

• PO₄^-3 = Phosphate
• NO₃^-1 = Nitrate
• NO₂^-1 = Nitrite
• CrO₄^-2 = Chromate
• SO₄^-2 = Sulfate
• CO₃^-2 = Carbonate
• SO₃^-2 = Sulfite
• MnO₄^-1 = Permanganate
• HCO₃^-1 = Bicarbonate
• CH₃CO₂^-1 = Acetate
• ClO₄^-1 = Perchlorate
• ClO₃^-1 = Chlorate
• OH^-1 = Hydroxide
• CN^-1 = Cyanide
• NH₄⁺¹ = Ammonium

Naming Mineral Acids

• HF = Hydrofluoric Acid
• HCl = Hydrochloric Acid
• HBr = Hydrobromic Acid
• HI = Hydroiodic Acid

Naming Oxacids

• HNO₂ = Nitrous Acid
• H₂SO₃ = Sulfurous Acid

Diatomic

• N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂

Metric Conversions

• Giga^9
• Mega^6
• Kilo^3
• Base = 1
• Deci^-1
• Centi^-2
• Milli^-3
• Micro^-6
• Nano^-9
• Pico^-12

Atomic Models

• Bohr: Based on the assumption that electrons travel in specific shells around the nucleus. Did not work for systems with more than 1 electron.
• Rutherford: Theorized that atoms have their positive charge in a small nucleus. (Gold foil experiment)
• Thompson: Plum Pudding, discovered electron by cathode ray experiment.
• Dalton: Everything is made of atoms and all atoms of different substances have different weights. Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.

Conversion Factors

• 1 gal = 3785.0 ml
• 1 gal = 4 qt
• 1 qt = 32 fl oz
• 1 fl = 28 ml
• 1 ml = 1 cm³
• 1 ml H₂O = 1 g H₂O (d: H₂O = 1 g/cm³)
• 1 lb = 453.59237 g
• 1 kg = 2.2046 lb
• 1 ton = 2000 lb
• 1 in = 2.54 cm
• 1 km = 0.62137 mi
• x in³ --> y cm³ = x³ in³/y³ cm³
• 1 cal raises 1 g H₂O by 1°C
• Cal or Kcal = 1000 cal
• K = °C + 273.15
• °C = (F - 32) / 1.8
• F = 1.8(°C + 32)

Sig Figs

• 613 = 3
• 5004 = 4
• 5.640 = 4
• 0.052 = 2
• 560 = 2

Calculations

• 7.939 + 6.26 + 11.1 = 25.299 --> 25.3
• (27.2 * 15.63) / 1.846 = 3 sig
• Protons = Atomic #
• Neutrons = Mass - Atomic #
• Electrons = Protons +/- charge
• Steps for limiting reactant & dimensional analysis:

1. Write equation/balance
2. Identify limiting reactant by molecular weight
3. Using limiting reactant, find yield of product in grams
4. Set equation equal to the other reactant with grams and variable of non-limiting reactant to find remaining
5. Use % yield equation

Answers

• Ionic = Metal & Nonmetal
• Covalent = Nonmetal & Nonmetal
• Na₂O = Sodium Oxide
• Fe(NO₃)₃ = Iron (III) Nitrate
• NH₄Cl = Ammonium Chloride
• C₂H₄ = Dicarbon Tetrahydrogen
• CaSO₄6H₂O = Calcium Sulfate Hexahydrate
• H₃PO₄ = Phosphoric Acid
• Lead (II) Nitrate = Pb(NO₃)₂
• How Many Oxygen atoms are in 2.000 gal of acetic acid (d = 1.054 g/cm³)
• How many hydrogen atoms are there in 3.00 ft³ of water (room temp)