Plato's Republic: Historical Context and Philosophical Roots

Historical Context of Plato's Republic

Plato wrote The Republic in the fourth century BC, a period when Athens was in deep crisis. To understand this crisis, we must examine the history of the city, which is divided into four phases:

• Archaic Polis (8th to 6th century BC): A monarchy supported by the aristocracy.
• Formation of the Classical Polis (6th century BC): Draco and Solon served as the first legislators to transition away from monarchy.
• Splendor of Democracy (1st half of the 5th century BC): The era of Pericles.
• Decline of Democracy (Late 5th century BC): The period experienced by Plato and Socrates.

In 399 BC, the Assembly condemned Socrates to death following a series of poor decisions, the worst of which was declaring war on Sparta, which defeated Athens severely. Socrates had criticized the Assembly, leading them to prosecute and sentence him to death. Many others suffered similar sentences or exile, but it was the master's death that decisively marked Plato.

The Allegory of the Cave

The Myth of the Cave serves as a metaphor for this historical reality. The darkness of the cave represents the political darkness and crisis in Athens, necessitating the bright light of a government that is safe, strong, fair, and perfect.

Three Critical Influences on Plato

1. Traditional Mythology

Mythology was the traditional cultural form of Athenian and Greek society, explaining all aspects of reality, including nature, morality, and human domination, as dependent on the will of the gods. Plato uses myth in a didactic sense, not to repeat traditional lessons, but to explain his own ideas to his fellow citizens.

2. Pre-Socratic Philosophy

Pre-Socratic philosophers explained nature and society differently than mythology. Their thought can be grouped into two main lines:

• The Italic School: This had the most influence on Plato. It includes the Pythagorean focus on the soul and mathematics, and Parmenides' concept of Being.

The concept of Being refers to that which is constant, eternal, and true, standing in opposition to the concept of Becoming—that which changes and is not true in the physical world. This is reflected in the Allegory of the Cave: the darkness, ignorance, and injustice correspond to Becoming, while the light, goodness, justice, and intelligence correspond to Being.

3. Socrates Against the Sophists

Plato posits that the Sophists were accomplices to darkness and ignorance. In fact, the Sophists were instrumental in the death sentence of Socrates. With the rise of democracy, Sophists taught rhetoric to those who wanted to act as lawyers, prosecutors, or lawmakers. However, their work deteriorated because they were only interested in those who controlled power. Consequently, justice was not seen as an absolute, but as something subjective and changeable. In contrast, Plato and Socrates sought justice and goodness in absolute terms. Protagoras and Gorgias were the most prominent Sophists, though many others existed.