The Five Pillars of Islam and the End of the Middle Ages
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The five pillars of Islam
Prayer- Salat. Giving of alms- Zakat. Ramafan- Sawm. Pilgrimage to Mecca- Hajj. Faith-
The three events that signify the end of the Middle Ages
Holy Roman Empire: This title was given by the pope to a Carolingian king in 800 AD.
Charles Martel: “The Hammer” This Frankish king halted the Muslim invasion of Europe at the Battle of Tours.
Mecca: Holy city destination of pilgrimage.
Carolingian Renaissance: Named for the dynasty during which it occurred, this period of revitalization attempted to standardize language and another liturgy. All church followed same policies.
Gregory VII: Responsible for instituting a number of reforms, this pope clashed with the Holy Roman Emperor in the Investiture Controversy.
Toleration argument: This agreement of religious toleration granted rights to the people of the book to pay taxes.
Investiture Controversy: This power struggle centered on the authority to appoint religious leaders and bishops.
95 Theses: Martin Luther nailed these to the church door in Wittenberg, launching the Protestant Reformation.
Richard I ENG, Frederick Barbossa GER, Phillip August FRA: Three kings of Europe crusade.
Phillip II: Attempting to restore the former grandeur of the Roman Empire, this king overextended his resources, leaving the Holy Land vulnerable.
Gregory VII: Claimed that all kings and secular authorities fell underneath the power of the pope and Catholic Church.
Avignon: The removal of the pope to this location represented the decline in papal power.
Innocent III: This pope called the Lateran IV council and helped craft the seven sacraments.
Two swords (Pope Gelasius): Doctrine of two forms of authority giving by God. It refers to the coexistence and spiritual power.
King John I: This English king was coerced by his nobles to sign a document that held him under the law. Forced to sign Magna Carta.
Humanist: Group of scholars from Switzerland and North Italy criticized the papacy and sought authentic, early translations of scripture. First document to place limitations on the king.
Thomas: A figure of scholasticism, this saint reconciled the logic of Aristotle with the faith of the church.