Organizational Behaviour: Core Theories and Concepts
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Organizational Behaviour (OB)
Historical Antecedents
- Taylor: Scientific Management
- Elton Mayo: Human Relations
Goals (DUPC)
- Describe
- Understand
- Predict
- Control
Characteristics
- Scientific
- Humanistic
- Interdisciplinary
- System Approach
- Contingency Approach
Process Theories of Motivation
Vroom's Expectancy Theory
E = Expectancy (Effort → Performance)
I = Instrumentality (Performance → Reward)
V = Valence (Value of Reward)
Formula
Motivation = E × I × V
Adams Equity Theory
People compare inputs and outcomes to determine fairness.
Inputs
- Effort
- Experience
- Education
Outcomes
- Salary
- Recognition
- Promotion
Key Idea
Perceived fairness = Motivation
Goal Setting Theory
Effective Goals
- Specific
- Challenging
- Accepted
- Feedback
Organizational Change
Forces of Change
- Technology
- Competition
- Workforce
- Social Changes
Resistance
- Fear
- Habit
- Uncertainty
- Economic Concerns
Lewin's Model (UCR)
- Unfreeze
- Change
- Refreeze
Stress Management
Causes (FCP)
- Frustration
- Conflict
- Pressure
Other Factors
- Life Events
- Daily Hassles
- Interpersonal Problems
Management Techniques
- Exercise
- Relaxation
- Time Management
- Social Support
Power Dynamics
Bases of Power (LRCER)
- Legitimate
- Reward
- Coercive
- Expert
- Referent
Power Tactics
- Rational Persuasion
- Consultation
- Coalition
- Exchange
- Pressure
Organizational Development (OD)
Meaning
Planned effort to improve organizational effectiveness.
Action Research Model
- Problem Identification
- Consultation
- Data Collection
- Feedback
- Joint Diagnosis
- Joint Action Planning
- Action
Appreciative Inquiry (4 D's)
- Discovery
- Dream
- Design
- Destiny
OD Interventions
Human Process
- Team Building
- Process Consultation
- Conflict Resolution
Techno-Structural (SDRE)
- Structural Design
- Downsizing
- Reengineering
- Employee Involvement
Organizational Culture
Schein's Model (AVA)
- Artifacts: Visible culture
- Values: Stated beliefs
- Assumptions: Deep beliefs
Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB)
Meaning
Voluntary extra-role behaviour.
Dimensions (ACCSC)
- Altruism
- Courtesy
- Conscientiousness
- Sportsmanship
- Civic Virtue
Organizational Commitment (WNO)
- Affective: Want to stay
- Continuance: Need to stay
- Normative: Ought to stay
Leadership Perspectives
Theory X
- Dislike work
- Avoid responsibility
- Need control
Theory Y
- Enjoy work
- Accept responsibility
- Self-directed
Indian Perspective
- Dharma, Ethics, Self-discipline, Service, Collective Welfare, Role Model
Psychological Capital (PsyCap)
HERO Model
- Hope
- Efficacy
- Resilience
- Optimism
Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions (PIMULI)
- Power Distance
- Individualism/Collectivism
- Masculinity/Femininity
- Uncertainty Avoidance
- Long-Term Orientation
- Indulgence/Restraint