Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons, Functional Groups, and Reactions

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Written on June 15, 2026 in English with a size of 3.07 KB

Hydrocarbon Classification and Properties

Type	Formula	Bonds/Structure	Polarity & Shape
Alkane	C_nH_2n+2	1 Sat, Non-Polar, Sym	London (weakest): All molecules. More electrons/mass = stronger.
Alkene	C_nH_2n	2 Unsat, Non-Polar, Non-sym	Dipole-Dipole (Medium): Polar molecules.
Alkyne	C_nH_2n-2	3 Unsat, Non-Polar	H-Bonding (Strongest): H bonded direct to FON.
Cycloalkane	C_nH_2n	Ring, Sat, Non-polar, Highly sym	-
Cycloalkene	C_nH_2n-4	Ring + 1 Double, Unsat, Non-polar, Non-sym	-

Aliphatic: Chains/rings (Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes).
Aromatic: Contains benzene ring.
Derivatives: Organic. Atoms like O, N, halogens replace H.
Inorganic: Oxides (CO₂, CO), Carbonates (CaCO₃, NaHCO₃), Carbides (CaC₂, SiC), Cyanides (NaCN).

Carboxylic Acid (-oic acid): C=O AND -OH on same end carbon. BP-highest, H-Bonding, Super sticky.
Alcohol (-ol): -OH group only, no C=O nearby. BP-highest, H-Bonding, Super sticky.
Ketone (-one): C=O middle. BP-mid, Dipole-Dipole, Polar.
Ester (-oate): C=O attached to -O-C linkage. BP-mid, Dipole-Dipole, Mid-sticky (Polar).
Aldehyde (-al): C=O at end. BP-mid, Dipole-Dipole, Polar.
Hydrocarbons: Pure C-H. BP-low, London Dispersion, Not sticky (Non-Polar).

Chain Length: More carbons = more surface area = Higher BP.
Carbon Branching: Clumpy shape = cannot pack tight = Lower BP.
Halogen Branching: Heavy atom (e.g., Br) = massive molar mass/electrons = Overrides shape = Highest BP.
Solubility: Non-polar solute (oil) requires a non-polar solvent to dissolve.

Reaction	Starts With	Ends With	Products
Addition	Unsat, double/triple	Sat, single	1 Product (Combines)
Substitution	Alkanes/Benzene ring	Same bond type	2 Products (Swap)
Elimination	Sat, single	Unsat, double	2 Products (1 reactant splits; look for H₂O)
Esterification	Alcohol + Acid	Ester + Water	2 Products

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