Mastering Reported Speech and Passive Voice in English
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Reported Speech
- Present Simple → Past Simple: I'm happy today → She said that she was happy.
- Past Simple → Past Perfect: I was happy yesterday → She said that she had been happy the day before.
- Present Perfect → Past Perfect: I have been in London → She said that she had been in London.
- Present Continuous → Past Continuous: I am writing a letter now → She said that she was writing a letter.
- Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: She has been working → She said that she had been working.
- Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: I was eating → She said that she had been eating.
- Will → Would: I will do it → She said that she would do it.
- Can → Could: I can do it → She said that she could do it.
- Must → Have to: I must hurry up → She said that she had to hurry up.
- May → Might: I may eat → She said that she might eat.
- Be going to → Was/Were going to.
Time and Place Expressions
- This → That
- These → Those
- Here → There
- Bring → Take
- Today → That day
- 3 days ago → 3 days before
- Tomorrow → The next day
- Tonight → That night
- Last week → The week before
- Come → Go
- Yesterday → The day before
- Last summer → The summer before
Reporting Verbs
- Tell + Indirect Object + That + Clause: He told us that we needed to take the umbrella.
- Ask + Indirect Object + Infinitive (to + V): He asked me to buy the newspaper.
- Claim/Explain + That + Clause: She claimed that she hadn't seen him.
- Admit/Suggest + -ing // That + Clause: She admitted eating the last piece; She suggested going to the cinema.
- Remind/Warn + Indirect Object + Infinitive // That + Clause: We reminded him to post the letter; The police warned the thief not to fire.
Questions in Reported Speech
- WH-Questions: Keep the WH-word, change the verb tense.
- Yes/No Questions: Use If + changed verb.
Passive Voice
| Tense | Active Voice | Passive Voice |
|---|---|---|
| Present | I write a letter | The letter is written |
| Present Continuous | I'm writing a letter | The letter is being written |
| Past | I wrote a letter | The letter was written |
| Past Continuous | I was writing a letter | The letter was being written |
| Present Perfect | I've written a letter | The letter has been written |
| Past Perfect | I had written a letter | The letter had been written |
| Future | I will write a letter | The letter will be written |
| Future II | I'm going to write a letter | The letter is going to be written |
| Modals (Have to) | I have to write a letter | The letter has to be written |
| Modals (Should) | I should write a letter | The letter should be written |
| Modals (Must) | I must write a letter | The letter must be written |