Master English Grammar Tenses and Parts of Speech

English Verb Tenses

Present Tenses

• Present Simple: Subject + verb + complement.
• Present Continuous: Used for actions happening now. Structure: Subject + to be + verb + -ing + complement.
• Present Perfect: Past actions with present relevance. Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle + complement.
• Present Perfect Continuous: Actions starting in the past that continue to the present. Structure: Subject + have/has + been + verb + -ing + complement.

Past Tenses

• Past Simple: Subject + verb (past) + complement.
• Past Continuous: Actions occurring at a specific moment in the past. Structure: Subject + to be (was/were) + verb + -ing + complement.
• Past Perfect: Action occurring before another past action. Structure: Subject + had + past participle + complement.
• Past Perfect Continuous: Action in progress before another past action. Structure: Subject + had + been + verb + -ing + complement.

Future Tenses

• Future Simple: Subject + will + verb + complement.
• Future Continuous: Actions at a specific time in the future. Structure: Subject + will be + verb + -ing + complement.
• Future Perfect: Actions completed before another future action. Structure: Subject + will have + past participle + complement.
• Future Perfect Continuous: Actions continuing until a future point. Structure: Subject + will have been + verb + -ing + complement.

Questions and Auxiliaries

• Present Simple Questions: Use Do/Does. (e.g., "Do you go to the theater?" or "Does he study there?")
• Past Simple Questions: Use Did for all pronouns. (e.g., "Did you study geography?")

Third-Person Singular Verb Rules

• Add -es for verbs ending in -s, -o, -sh, -ch, -x, -z (e.g., goes, watches).
• Add -ies for verbs ending in a consonant + y (e.g., studies).
• Add -s for verbs ending in a vowel + y (e.g., plays, stays).

Parts of Speech

• Noun: A person, place, or thing.
• Adverb: Modifies verbs (e.g., frequently, tomorrow, slowly, quickly).
• Adjective: Describes nouns (e.g., beautiful, adorable, big).
• Conjunction: Connects words or clauses (e.g., and, to, because, but, if).
• Article: The, a, an.
• Preposition: Shows relationship (e.g., for, on, at, with, between, in).
• Interjection: Expresses emotion (e.g., wow, oh, huh, ah).

Pronouns and Adjectives

Demonstrative Adjectives

• This: Singular near (este)
• That: Singular far (ese)
• These: Plural near (estos)
• Those: Plural far (esos)