Marxism vs Anarchism: Core Differences and Historical Origins

The Evolution of the International Workingmen's Association

In 1872, the General Council of the IWA (AIT) was transferred from London, where it had been located since its inception, to New York, and was officially dissolved in 1876. In 1889, the Second International (Socialist) was established as its successor. Following the Russian Revolution, communists and socialists became deeply divided.

Marxism and Anarchism

Marxism

Marxism is the set of political and philosophical doctrines derived from the work of Karl Marx, a 19th-century philosopher, economist, journalist, and revolutionary. Marxist thought analyzes the past, present, and future:

• Present: It posits that bourgeois society is unjust, exploitative, and based on private property and surplus value. The industrial system alienates the worker, turning them into a machine.
• Background: History is defined by class struggle. Marx identified several historical modes of production:
  • Slavery: Owners and slaves in Classical Antiquity, succeeded by feudalism.
  • Feudalism: A system defined by dominant groups (lords and clergy) and the subjugated (peasants).
  • Capitalism: The current mode of production, which Marx argued would eventually disappear.
• Future: A new mode of production—communism—will replace capitalism. This system will eliminate social classes entirely.

Marx believed the proletariat was not yet prepared for a communist society. Therefore, the state would own the means of production on a transitional basis until the final abolition of private property.

Anarchism

Anarchism is a radical movement that promotes the autonomy of the individual. It opposes government authority and advocates for self-governing associations. Mikhail Bakunin, considered one of the 'fathers of anarchism,' was a prominent figure in this movement.

Anarchism lacks a single unified structure but consistently criticizes capitalism and private property, defending communal ownership instead. The core idea is to live in communes controlled by the people, with districts linked through a federal structure.

Anarchism rejects the state and political participation, viewing the state as a source of violence, hierarchy, and power that suppresses human freedom. Its proponents advocate for permanent revolution, with some supporting "direct action" to counter the violence of employers.

In conclusion, anarchism advocates for individualism and personal freedom, based on the belief that humans are inherently good and capable of self-governance.