Linguistic Structures and Grammatical Functions

Coordinated Linkages

• Copulative: y, e, ni
• Disjunctive: o, u, bien... bien
• Adversative: but, yet, however, more, less, except
• Explanatory: that is, i.e.

Nexos

Juxtaposed: , : ;

Subordinated Adjectives

who, what, where, which

Subordinated Substantive Clauses

• Subject: to attribute
• Complement of the noun: that
• Complement of the adjective: relative pronoun
• Direct Object: that
• Indirect Object: pronoun
• Agent Complement: pronoun
• Supplement: pronoun

Subordinated Adverbial Clauses

• Place: where
• Time: when, before, after, while
• Manner: how, according to, as
• Causal: because, since, for
• Final: so that, in order to
• Consecutive: then, therefore, accordingly
• Conditional: if, in the event that, unless
• Concessive: although, though, even though
• Comparative: as... as, more... than

Functions of Language

• Emotive: Expresses wishes or states of mind; appears with exclamation marks.
• Referential: Provides objective information.
• Appellative: Targets the receiver; expects a response, order, or suggestion.
• Phatic: Checks if the message is being received.
• Poetic: Uses idioms, proverbs, and poems.
• Metalinguistic: Focuses on definitions.

Verbal Periphrasis

• Obligation: have to, must + infinitive
• Probability: must, come to + infinitive
• Possibility: can + infinitive
• Inchoative (Aspectual): go to, start, get to, be about to + infinitive
• Durative: be, keep + gerund
• Resultative: finish, come to + infinitive, stop, bring + participle

Text Analysis

1. Processor Type: Newspapers, opinion articles.
2. Subtypes: Exhibition (explains ideas), Argumentative (convinces), Descriptive (details and adjectives), Narrative (tells a story).
3. Communication Elements: Transmitter, receiver, channel, message, code (colloquial/standard), objective/subjective.
4. Lexico-Semantic Plane: Abundance of nouns, adjectives, and specialized language.
5. Morphosyntactic Map: Verb tenses, moods, verbal periphrasis, passive voice.
6. Objective: Transmit information on a subject.

Types of Verbs

• Impersonal: e.g., "se venden casas" (3rd person).
• Reflexive (Direct Object): e.g., "Juan se lava".
• Reflexive (Indirect Object): e.g., "Juan se lava las manos".
• Reciprocal (Direct Object): e.g., "Juan y Antonio se pegan".
• Reciprocal (Indirect Object): e.g., "Juan y Antonio se pegan tortas".
• Pseudo-reflexive: e.g., "Juan murió".
• Ethical: e.g., "Carlos se comió el pastel".
• Pronominal: e.g., repent, go.
• Passive Reflexive: e.g., "se compraron naranjas".