Linguistic Characteristics of Textual Typologies

Expository Text

Morphology: Predominance of the third person as a mark of objectivity, though it sometimes shifts to the first person plural to include the receiver. Uses the present indicative, often with timeless value.

Syntax: Preference for enunciative sentences. Presence of subordinate adverbial clauses of cause, purpose, and consequence, alongside explanatory structures.

Semantics: Lexical selection is determined by the subject and purpose of the exposition. Generally, it uses a denotative lexicon that is often abstract. Includes technicalities and specific adjectives that provide an accurate scientific exposition.

Argumentative Text

Morphology: Use of the first or third person depending on the degree of subjectivity of the argument.

Syntax: Use of extensive sentence periods. Importance of causal subordinate adverbial clauses. Prevalence of declarative sentences; advertising often makes use of interrogative sentences.

Semantics: Use of verbs of thought and language. Presence of abstract nouns, especially referring to processes. Use of evaluative adjectives, except in scientific arguments.

Narrative Text

Morphology: Use of the simple past (preterite) to state facts and the imperfect indicative to present the development of actions. Use of the present tense with current or historical meaning.

Syntax: Prevalence of enunciative sentences. Relevance of circumstantial complements of time and place. Use of subordinate adverbial clauses of cause, purpose, and consequence, and coordinated copulative clauses, which allow for the logical organization of actions. Presence of direct and indirect styles.

Semantics: Use of deictic adverbs of place and time. Use of verbs of motion, action, and language.

Descriptive Text

• Lexical Density: The use of meaningful words (nouns and adjectives) addresses the shortage of empty words (prepositions, conjunctions).
• Neologisms: The creation of new terms through composition or derivation.
• Cultisms: The use of Greek or Latin roots, which bring culture and prestige.
• Expressive Formulas: There are also expressive formulas that provide connotative meanings associated with creative arguments and authority.
• Technical Terms: The popularization of technical terms or foreignisms, which guarantee the quality of the product.
• Imagery: Recurring situations that suggest positive concepts.