Liberalism and Political Transformation in 19th Century Spain

Moderate Liberalism

This stage consolidated liberalism in Spain, but with a centralist and conservative character. The census-based vote was implemented, the army maintained significant influence, and all groups attempted to seize state power. The administration became authoritarian and centralist. The new regime sought support from powerful groups, including the aristocracy, the church, and the financial and industrial bourgeoisie. They aimed to maintain their dominance while excluding popular and progressive social sectors.

Progressive Biennium and the Crisis of the System

The goal was to restore the constitutional principles of 1837 and implement economic reforms:

• Madoz's Desamortización: Affected municipal property.
• Railroad Construction: Aimed to improve communications and articulate the national market.

The final stage of the reign of Isabel II was characterized by an alternation in power between the Moderates and the Liberal Union. The government conducted a colonialist policy, exemplified by the War of Africa. Internally, the government was highly authoritarian and relied on strong repression. Opposition grew, leading to the emergence of new political groups, such as the Democrats and Republicans, who advocated for universal male suffrage and the abolition of the monarchy.

The Democratic Sexennium

During these six years, efforts were made to build a democratic regime in Spain to significantly surpass the conservative, oligarchic system of the previous stage. The goal was to introduce democratic principles, including:

• Universal male suffrage
• Expanded political rights
• Broad social reforms to advance equality

The Revolution of 1868

A severe agricultural, financial, and industrial economic crisis, combined with the wear of the Isabelline political regime, sparked a revolution against the monarchy. Groups excluded from power—including Unionists, Progressives, and Democrats—joined forces to present an alternative to the existing system.

The military movement, led by Prim and Serrano, broke out in September 1868 with the insurrection of Brigadier Topete's squadron in the Bay of Cádiz. The pronouncement was followed by revolts in major cities, and the government troops loyal to Queen Isabel II were defeated, forcing her into exile. An interim government led by Prim and Serrano launched a reform program that recognized fundamental rights, established male suffrage, and reformed education and municipal councils.