The Liberal Triennium (1820-1823) and the Carlist War in Spain
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The Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)
In 1820, Fernando VII faced a military uprising led by Colonel Riego. The uprising, initially planned by Fernando Cabezas de San Juan, aimed to restore the liberal Constitution of 1812 ("La Pepa"). Although the plot was discovered, Riego's rebellion gained momentum, forcing Fernando to acknowledge the Constitution.
The King had to rule alongside the liberals, enduring their criticisms. The liberals were divided into two groups: the moderates and the extremists. The moderates favored compromise with the King, while the extremists demanded strict adherence to the Constitution, even considering incapacitating Fernando.
The Liberals faced three major challenges: fiscal ruin, internal division, and the threat of absolutist reaction.
The Carlist War
The Carlist rebellion gained strength in regions like the Basque Country, Navarra, Catalonia, and Maestrazgo. Their army's success was due to three factors:
- The existence of a paramilitary force.
- Competent generals.
- Support from local guerrilla fighters.
Initially, the Carlists, led by Tomás de Zumalacárregui, had the upper hand. However, after Zumalacárregui's death, the tide turned in favor of the Liberals (Elizabethans). General Espartero's victory at the Battle of Luchana was a turning point.
Facing defeat, the Carlists entered into negotiations. General Rafael Maroto met with Espartero in Vergara, resulting in the Convention of Vergara. The Carlists recognized Elizabeth II as Queen, Carlist officers were allowed to join the national army, and Espartero promised to advocate for maintaining Basque privileges.